Buruli Ulcer : : Mycobacterium Ulcerans Disease.
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Place / Publishing House: | Cham : : Springer International Publishing AG,, 2019. ©2019. |
Year of Publication: | 2019 |
Edition: | 1st ed. |
Language: | English |
Online Access: | |
Physical Description: | 1 online resource (290 pages) |
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Table of Contents:
- Intro
- Preface
- Contents
- Buruli Ulcer: History and Disease Burden
- Buruli Ulcer in Africa
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Management of BU in Africa
- 2.1 Structure of Health Systems in Africa and Implications for the Management of BU
- 2.2 Diagnosis and Treatment of BU
- 3 Geographical Distribution of BU: Reporting of Cases Versus Actual Situation in Africa
- 4 Distribution of BU Among Affected Populations in Africa
- 5 The Etiology of BU in Africa
- 6 Future Perspectives
- References
- Buruli Ulcer in Australia
- 1 Bairnsdale Ulcer and the Discovery of Mycobacterium ulcerans
- 2 Buruli Ulcer in Queensland
- 3 Buruli Ulcer in Victoria
- 4 Buruli Ulcer in Animals in Victoria
- 5 Recent Epidemiology of Buruli Ulcer in Victoria
- 6 Clinical Management of Buruli Ulcer in Australia
- 7 Buruli Ulcer: The Australian Paradox
- References
- Mycobacterium ulcerans Infection in French Guiana
- Current State of Knowledge
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Links Between the Human Host and the Bacteria
- 2.1 Risk Factors of BU in French Guiana
- 2.2 Epidemiology and Clinical Aspects of BU in French Guiana
- 2.3 A Link Between Rainfall and BU Cases
- 2.4 Genetic Diversity of M. ulcerans Among Local BU Cases
- 3 Environment and the Bacteria
- 3.1 First Detection of Mycobacterium ulcerans DNA in Environmental Samples from French Guiana
- 3.2 Biodiversity Drivers of M. ulcerans Distribution Across Freshwater Habitats
- 4 Conclusion
- References
- Buruli Ulcer in Japan
- 1 Epidemiology and Bacteriological and Genomic Features of M. ulcerans subsp. shinshuense
- 1.1 Epidemiology
- 1.2 Genome
- 1.3 Biochemical Properties
- 2 Clinical Features and Treatment of BU in Japan
- 2.1 Antimicrobial Treatment
- 2.2 Alternative Treatments of BU
- 2.3 Other Suggested Therapies.
- 3 M. ulcerans subsp. shinshuense in the Environment of Japan
- 3.1 Detection of Environmental M. ulcerans subsp. shinshuense in Japan
- 3.2 Seasonal Variation of BU in Japan
- 3.3 PCR Detection of M. ulcerans subsp. shinshuense DNA in the Environment
- 4 BU in Asia and Future Perspectives
- 4.1 BU in China
- 4.2 Toward Detection of BU in Other Asian Countries
- References
- Population Genomics and Molecular Epidemiology of Mycobacterium ulcerans
- 1 First Insights from the Complete Genome of Mycobacterium ulcerans
- 2 An Aquatic Origin and Two Bottlenecks for a Recently Emerged, and Globally Distributed Pathogen
- 3 New Understandings from Genomics on the Spread of M. ulcerans Across Africa
- 4 Genomic Approaches to Micro-Molecular Epidemiological Investigations of BU
- 5 Distinguishing Relapse from Reinfection and Familial Studies
- 6 Summary and Future Perspectives
- References
- Mycolactone: More than Just a Cytotoxin
- 1 Mycolactone and BU Disease
- 1.1 Pharmacodistribution
- 1.2 Mycolactone Contribution to BU Disease Manifestations
- 1.2.1 Pathogenesis and Histopathology of BU Lesions
- 1.2.2 Local Analgesia
- 1.2.3 Local and Systemic Immunomodulation
- 2 Molecular Targets and Mechanisms of Action
- 2.1 Sec61 Blockade
- 2.2 AT2R Stimulation
- 2.3 N-WASP Activation
- 3 Conclusions
- References
- The Immunology of Buruli Ulcer
- 1 Buruli Ulcer: The First Histological Observations of a Necrotic Track
- 2 Host Attempts to Control Mycobacterium ulcerans Infection
- 2.1 Local Immune Response
- 2.2 Regional and Systemic Responses
- 3 Diagnostics Research Make it Evident: The Triggering of Cellular and Humoral Arms
- 4 Antibiotic Treatment in the Aid of the Host Immune Response
- 5 Epidemiological Clues and the Search for Novel Resistance and Susceptibility Markers.
- 6 (Un)successful Preventive Approaches
- 7 Novel Models for Investigation and Future Perspectives
- 8 Conclusions
- References
- Buruli Ulcer in Animals and Experimental Infection Models
- 1 Naturally Infected Animals
- 2 The Mouse (Mus musculus) Model
- 2.1 History of the BU Mouse Model
- 2.2 Experimental Infection of the Mouse
- 2.2.1 Infection Sites
- 2.2.2 Mouse Strains
- 2.2.3 Mycobacterial Strains Used for Experimental Infection
- 2.2.4 Dose and Preparation of the Bacterial Inocula
- 2.2.5 Infection Outcomes and What to Measure
- 2.3 Research Applications for the Mouse Model
- 2.3.1 Antimicrobial Compound Testing
- 2.3.2 Vaccine Development
- 2.3.3 Study of the Pathogenesis of Buruli Ulcer and the Immune Response to the Disease
- 3 Other Animal Models
- 3.1 Guinea Pig (Cavia porcellus)
- 3.2 Pig (Sus scrofa)
- 3.3 Grasscutter (Thryonomys swinderianus)
- 3.4 Anole Lizard (Anolis carolinensis)
- 3.5 Nine-Banded Armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus)
- 3.6 Cynomologus Monkey (Maca fascicularis)
- 3.7 African Rat (Mastomys natalensis)
- 3.8 Common Brushtail Possum (Trichosurus vulpecula)
- 4 Conclusions
- References
- Laboratory Diagnosis of Buruli Ulcer: Challenges and Future Perspectives
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Currently Available Laboratory Diagnostic Tests
- 2.1 Specimen Collection and Reference Standards
- 2.2 IS2404 PCR: The Current Gold Standard
- 2.3 Detection of AFBs by Microscopy: A Test for the Primary Healthcare Level with Limited Sensitivity
- 2.4 Considerations on the Accuracy of IS2404 qPCR and AFB Detection by Microscopy: Direct Comparison of the Two Techniques
- 2.5 Histopathology and Cultivation of M. ulcerans: Research Tools Rather than Diagnostic Tests
- 2.6 From Theory into Practice: Diagnosis of BU in Resource-Constrained Endemic Countries.
- 3 Development of BU Diagnostics for District Hospital or Primary Healthcare Facility Level
- 3.1 LAMP: An Alternative for the Detection of M. ulcerans DNA
- 3.2 Detection of Mycolactone by f-TLC: Struggling with the Complexity of Lipid Extracts
- 3.3 Serological Tests: Only Suitable for Seroepidemiological Studies
- 3.4 Detection of Mycolactone and M. ulcerans Proteins by Antigen Detection Assays: Prospects for the Development of an RDT
- 4 Discussion
- 5 Outlook
- References
- Antimicrobial Treatment of Mycobacterium ulcerans Infection
- 1 Historical Aspects
- 2 Antimicrobial Susceptibility of M. ulcerans
- 2.1 Ansamycins/Rifamycins
- 2.2 Aminoglycosides: Streptomycin
- 2.3 Amikacin
- 2.4 Macrolides: Clarithromycin
- 2.5 Azithromycin
- 2.6 Fluoroquinolones
- 2.7 Clofazimine
- 2.8 Dapsone
- 2.9 Doxycycline
- 2.10 Oxazolidinones
- 2.11 Avermectins
- 2.12 Trimethoprim and Epiroprim
- 3 Experimental Drugs
- 4 Clinical Studies
- 4.1 Secondary Infection
- 4.2 HIV Co-infection
- 5 Conclusions
- Areas of Uncertainty
- and Future Directions
- References
- Thermotherapy of Buruli Ulcer
- References
- Secondary Infection of Buruli Ulcer Lesions
- 1 Background
- 2 Bacterial Species Associated with Secondary Infections
- 2.1 Species Diversity
- 3 Bacterial Burden
- 4 Diagnosing Secondary Infection in BU
- 5 Drug Susceptibility Patterns of Bacterial Isolates from BU Lesions
- 6 Molecular Epidemiology
- 6.1 Sources of Infection
- 7 Predisposing Socio-Economic Factors
- 8 Prevention of Secondary Infection
- 9 Wound Care
- References
- Management of BU-HIV Co-infection
- 1 Epidemiology
- 2 Clinical Effects of BU-HIV Co-Infection
- 3 Diagnosis
- 4 Management of BU-HIV Co-Infection
- 4.1 BU Treatment
- 4.2 HIV Treatment
- 4.3 HIV and BU Treatment Interactions.
- 4.4 Children
- 4.5 Tuberculosis
- 4.6 Service Provision
- References
- Social Science Contributions to BU Focused Health Service Research in West-Africa
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Part One
- 2.1 Predisposing Factors: Cultural Perceptions of BU Causality, Social Stigma, and Preference for Traditional Healing
- 2.1.1 Cultural Perceptions of BU Causality
- Benin
- Cameroon
- Ghana
- 2.1.2 Stigma and Social Risk
- 2.1.3 Traditional Healers
- Enabling Factors
- 2.2 Service Level Factors Affecting Health Care Seeking and Treatment Adherence
- 3 Part Two: Social Science Inspired Interventions
- 3.1 Outreach Education
- 3.2 Introducing Decentralized BU Care in Ouinhi, Benin
- 3.3 Establishing a BU Community of Practice: Cameroon
- 3.4 Yaws Cases Identified as a Result of BU Outreach in Cameroon: A Case for Integrated Skin Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) Programs
- 3.5 BU Children's Support Group Ghana
- 3.6 Mhealth as a Tool in Monitoring BU Healing in Ghana
- 3.7 Transforming a BU Hospital into a Therapeutic Community for Inpatients
- 4 Conclusion
- References
- Transdisciplinary Research and Action to Stop Buruli Ulcer: A case Study from Philanthropy
- 1 Introduction
- 2 The Beginnings: Six Reasons Why
- 2.1 Reason #1: Lack of Funding Incentives
- 2.2 Reason #2: A Disease of Social Justice
- 2.3 Reason #3: A Disease with Devastating Consequences
- 2.4 Reason #4: The Pioneer Effect
- 2.5 Reason #5: Existing Critical Mass of Researchers and Implementing Agencies
- 2.6 Reason #6: Scalability and Uptake
- 2.7 Stop Buruli Initiative
- 3 The Model: Transdisciplinary Research and Implementation
- 4 Key Elements for Advancing Transdisciplinarity
- 4.1 Transdisciplinarity Does Not 'Just Happen'
- 4.2 Governance Model
- 5 Results
- 5.1 Diagnosis
- 5.2 Treatment
- 5.3 Transmission.
- 5.4 Socio-Cultural Aspects.