Buruli Ulcer : : Mycobacterium Ulcerans Disease.

• Author: Pluschke, Gerd.
• TeilnehmendeR: Röltgen, Katharina.
• Place / Publishing House: Cham : : Springer International Publishing AG,, 2019.; ©2019.
• Year of Publication: 2019
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (290 pages)

Table of Contents

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Buruli Ulcer: History and Disease Burden -- Buruli Ulcer in Africa -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Management of BU in Africa -- 2.1 Structure of Health Systems in Africa and Implications for the Management of BU -- 2.2 Diagnosis and Treatment of BU -- 3 Geographical Distribution of BU: Reporting of Cases Versus Actual Situation in Africa -- 4 Distribution of BU Among Affected Populations in Africa -- 5 The Etiology of BU in Africa -- 6 Future Perspectives -- References -- Buruli Ulcer in Australia -- 1 Bairnsdale Ulcer and the Discovery of Mycobacterium ulcerans -- 2 Buruli Ulcer in Queensland -- 3 Buruli Ulcer in Victoria -- 4 Buruli Ulcer in Animals in Victoria -- 5 Recent Epidemiology of Buruli Ulcer in Victoria -- 6 Clinical Management of Buruli Ulcer in Australia -- 7 Buruli Ulcer: The Australian Paradox -- References -- Mycobacterium ulcerans Infection in French Guiana -- Current State of Knowledge -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Links Between the Human Host and the Bacteria -- 2.1 Risk Factors of BU in French Guiana -- 2.2 Epidemiology and Clinical Aspects of BU in French Guiana -- 2.3 A Link Between Rainfall and BU Cases -- 2.4 Genetic Diversity of M. ulcerans Among Local BU Cases -- 3 Environment and the Bacteria -- 3.1 First Detection of Mycobacterium ulcerans DNA in Environmental Samples from French Guiana -- 3.2 Biodiversity Drivers of M. ulcerans Distribution Across Freshwater Habitats -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Buruli Ulcer in Japan -- 1 Epidemiology and Bacteriological and Genomic Features of M. ulcerans subsp. shinshuense -- 1.1 Epidemiology -- 1.2 Genome -- 1.3 Biochemical Properties -- 2 Clinical Features and Treatment of BU in Japan -- 2.1 Antimicrobial Treatment -- 2.2 Alternative Treatments of BU -- 2.3 Other Suggested Therapies.

3 M. ulcerans subsp. shinshuense in the Environment of Japan -- 3.1 Detection of Environmental M. ulcerans subsp. shinshuense in Japan -- 3.2 Seasonal Variation of BU in Japan -- 3.3 PCR Detection of M. ulcerans subsp. shinshuense DNA in the Environment -- 4 BU in Asia and Future Perspectives -- 4.1 BU in China -- 4.2 Toward Detection of BU in Other Asian Countries -- References -- Population Genomics and Molecular Epidemiology of Mycobacterium ulcerans -- 1 First Insights from the Complete Genome of Mycobacterium ulcerans -- 2 An Aquatic Origin and Two Bottlenecks for a Recently Emerged, and Globally Distributed Pathogen -- 3 New Understandings from Genomics on the Spread of M. ulcerans Across Africa -- 4 Genomic Approaches to Micro-Molecular Epidemiological Investigations of BU -- 5 Distinguishing Relapse from Reinfection and Familial Studies -- 6 Summary and Future Perspectives -- References -- Mycolactone: More than Just a Cytotoxin -- 1 Mycolactone and BU Disease -- 1.1 Pharmacodistribution -- 1.2 Mycolactone Contribution to BU Disease Manifestations -- 1.2.1 Pathogenesis and Histopathology of BU Lesions -- 1.2.2 Local Analgesia -- 1.2.3 Local and Systemic Immunomodulation -- 2 Molecular Targets and Mechanisms of Action -- 2.1 Sec61 Blockade -- 2.2 AT2R Stimulation -- 2.3 N-WASP Activation -- 3 Conclusions -- References -- The Immunology of Buruli Ulcer -- 1 Buruli Ulcer: The First Histological Observations of a Necrotic Track -- 2 Host Attempts to Control Mycobacterium ulcerans Infection -- 2.1 Local Immune Response -- 2.2 Regional and Systemic Responses -- 3 Diagnostics Research Make it Evident: The Triggering of Cellular and Humoral Arms -- 4 Antibiotic Treatment in the Aid of the Host Immune Response -- 5 Epidemiological Clues and the Search for Novel Resistance and Susceptibility Markers.

6 (Un)successful Preventive Approaches -- 7 Novel Models for Investigation and Future Perspectives -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- Buruli Ulcer in Animals and Experimental Infection Models -- 1 Naturally Infected Animals -- 2 The Mouse (Mus musculus) Model -- 2.1 History of the BU Mouse Model -- 2.2 Experimental Infection of the Mouse -- 2.2.1 Infection Sites -- 2.2.2 Mouse Strains -- 2.2.3 Mycobacterial Strains Used for Experimental Infection -- 2.2.4 Dose and Preparation of the Bacterial Inocula -- 2.2.5 Infection Outcomes and What to Measure -- 2.3 Research Applications for the Mouse Model -- 2.3.1 Antimicrobial Compound Testing -- 2.3.2 Vaccine Development -- 2.3.3 Study of the Pathogenesis of Buruli Ulcer and the Immune Response to the Disease -- 3 Other Animal Models -- 3.1 Guinea Pig (Cavia porcellus) -- 3.2 Pig (Sus scrofa) -- 3.3 Grasscutter (Thryonomys swinderianus) -- 3.4 Anole Lizard (Anolis carolinensis) -- 3.5 Nine-Banded Armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) -- 3.6 Cynomologus Monkey (Maca fascicularis) -- 3.7 African Rat (Mastomys natalensis) -- 3.8 Common Brushtail Possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Laboratory Diagnosis of Buruli Ulcer: Challenges and Future Perspectives -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Currently Available Laboratory Diagnostic Tests -- 2.1 Specimen Collection and Reference Standards -- 2.2 IS2404 PCR: The Current Gold Standard -- 2.3 Detection of AFBs by Microscopy: A Test for the Primary Healthcare Level with Limited Sensitivity -- 2.4 Considerations on the Accuracy of IS2404 qPCR and AFB Detection by Microscopy: Direct Comparison of the Two Techniques -- 2.5 Histopathology and Cultivation of M. ulcerans: Research Tools Rather than Diagnostic Tests -- 2.6 From Theory into Practice: Diagnosis of BU in Resource-Constrained Endemic Countries.

3 Development of BU Diagnostics for District Hospital or Primary Healthcare Facility Level -- 3.1 LAMP: An Alternative for the Detection of M. ulcerans DNA -- 3.2 Detection of Mycolactone by f-TLC: Struggling with the Complexity of Lipid Extracts -- 3.3 Serological Tests: Only Suitable for Seroepidemiological Studies -- 3.4 Detection of Mycolactone and M. ulcerans Proteins by Antigen Detection Assays: Prospects for the Development of an RDT -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Outlook -- References -- Antimicrobial Treatment of Mycobacterium ulcerans Infection -- 1 Historical Aspects -- 2 Antimicrobial Susceptibility of M. ulcerans -- 2.1 Ansamycins/Rifamycins -- 2.2 Aminoglycosides: Streptomycin -- 2.3 Amikacin -- 2.4 Macrolides: Clarithromycin -- 2.5 Azithromycin -- 2.6 Fluoroquinolones -- 2.7 Clofazimine -- 2.8 Dapsone -- 2.9 Doxycycline -- 2.10 Oxazolidinones -- 2.11 Avermectins -- 2.12 Trimethoprim and Epiroprim -- 3 Experimental Drugs -- 4 Clinical Studies -- 4.1 Secondary Infection -- 4.2 HIV Co-infection -- 5 Conclusions -- Areas of Uncertainty -- and Future Directions -- References -- Thermotherapy of Buruli Ulcer -- References -- Secondary Infection of Buruli Ulcer Lesions -- 1 Background -- 2 Bacterial Species Associated with Secondary Infections -- 2.1 Species Diversity -- 3 Bacterial Burden -- 4 Diagnosing Secondary Infection in BU -- 5 Drug Susceptibility Patterns of Bacterial Isolates from BU Lesions -- 6 Molecular Epidemiology -- 6.1 Sources of Infection -- 7 Predisposing Socio-Economic Factors -- 8 Prevention of Secondary Infection -- 9 Wound Care -- References -- Management of BU-HIV Co-infection -- 1 Epidemiology -- 2 Clinical Effects of BU-HIV Co-Infection -- 3 Diagnosis -- 4 Management of BU-HIV Co-Infection -- 4.1 BU Treatment -- 4.2 HIV Treatment -- 4.3 HIV and BU Treatment Interactions.

4.4 Children -- 4.5 Tuberculosis -- 4.6 Service Provision -- References -- Social Science Contributions to BU Focused Health Service Research in West-Africa -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Part One -- 2.1 Predisposing Factors: Cultural Perceptions of BU Causality, Social Stigma, and Preference for Traditional Healing -- 2.1.1 Cultural Perceptions of BU Causality -- Benin -- Cameroon -- Ghana -- 2.1.2 Stigma and Social Risk -- 2.1.3 Traditional Healers -- Enabling Factors -- 2.2 Service Level Factors Affecting Health Care Seeking and Treatment Adherence -- 3 Part Two: Social Science Inspired Interventions -- 3.1 Outreach Education -- 3.2 Introducing Decentralized BU Care in Ouinhi, Benin -- 3.3 Establishing a BU Community of Practice: Cameroon -- 3.4 Yaws Cases Identified as a Result of BU Outreach in Cameroon: A Case for Integrated Skin Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) Programs -- 3.5 BU Children's Support Group Ghana -- 3.6 Mhealth as a Tool in Monitoring BU Healing in Ghana -- 3.7 Transforming a BU Hospital into a Therapeutic Community for Inpatients -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Transdisciplinary Research and Action to Stop Buruli Ulcer: A case Study from Philanthropy -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Beginnings: Six Reasons Why -- 2.1 Reason #1: Lack of Funding Incentives -- 2.2 Reason #2: A Disease of Social Justice -- 2.3 Reason #3: A Disease with Devastating Consequences -- 2.4 Reason #4: The Pioneer Effect -- 2.5 Reason #5: Existing Critical Mass of Researchers and Implementing Agencies -- 2.6 Reason #6: Scalability and Uptake -- 2.7 Stop Buruli Initiative -- 3 The Model: Transdisciplinary Research and Implementation -- 4 Key Elements for Advancing Transdisciplinarity -- 4.1 Transdisciplinarity Does Not 'Just Happen' -- 4.2 Governance Model -- 5 Results -- 5.1 Diagnosis -- 5.2 Treatment -- 5.3 Transmission.

5.4 Socio-Cultural Aspects.