Socio-Environmental Dynamics along the Historical Silk Road.

• Author: Yang, Liang Emlyn.
• TeilnehmendeR: Bork, Hans-Rudolf.; Fang, Xiuqi.; Mischke, Steffen.
• Place / Publishing House: Cham : : Springer International Publishing AG,, 2019.; ©2019.
• Year of Publication: 2019
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (535 pages)

Table of Contents

Intro -- Foreword I -- Foreword II -- Foreword III -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Major Contributing Authors -- Reviewers -- Introduction -- 1 On the Paleo-climatic/Environmental Impacts and Socio-Cultural System Resilience along the Historical Silk Road -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Paleo-climatic/Environmental Changes and Impacts along the Historical Silk Road -- 1.2.1 The Physical Geography and Environmental Conditions -- 1.2.2 Paleo-climatic/Environmental Changes and Social Impacts -- 1.3 Socio-Cultural Dynamics and Resilience in a Historical Perspective -- 1.3.1 Socio-Cultural Features and Exchanges along the Silk Road Areas -- 1.3.2 Resilience of the Socio-Cultural Systems -- 1.4 Book Overview and Key Messages -- 1.4.1 Coverage of the Book -- 1.4.2 Key Messages from the Book -- 1.5 Summary and Outlook -- References -- Landscape Evolutions in the Human-Environment System -- 2 Evolution of Saline Lakes in the Guanzhong Basin During the Past 2000 Years: Inferred from Historical Records -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Regional Setting -- 2.3 Materials and Methods -- 2.4 Results -- 2.4.1 Lake Yanchize in Fuping County -- 2.4.2 Lakes Dongluchi and Xiluchi in Pucheng County -- 2.4.3 Lake Zhuyanze in Lintong County -- 2.4.4 Lake Xiaoyanchi in Dali County -- 2.5 Discussions -- 2.5.1 Causes of the Degradation and Desiccation of the Saline Lakes -- 2.5.2 Relationship with the Sanmen Paleo-Lake -- 2.6 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Landscape Response to Climate and Human Impact in Western China During the Han Dynasty -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Previous Research -- 3.3 Discussion of Climate Records from Northwestern China and Surrounding Regions -- 3.3.1 Lake Records from the West -- 3.3.2 Lake Records from the Central Region -- 3.3.3 Lake Records from the East -- 3.3.4 Speleothem Records -- 3.3.5 Ice Core Records.

3.4 Lake Records Which Indicate Significant Drying During or After the Han Dynasty -- 3.5 Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- 4 The Ili River Delta: Holocene Hydrogeological Evolution and Human Colonization -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 The Ili Delta -- 4.2.1 General Features -- 4.2.2 Geological History -- 4.3 Archaeological Data and Ethnographic Accounts Concerning the Southern Balkhash Territory -- 4.3.1 Archaeological Complex -- 4.3.2 Ethnographic Accounts -- 4.4 Geoarchaeological Study and Chronological Attribution of the Human Occupation of the Ili Delta -- 4.4.1 Research Projects, Area and Methodology -- 4.4.2 Research Results -- 4.5 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Quantitative Evaluation of the Impact on Aral Sea Levels by Anthropogenic Water Withdrawal and Syr Darya Course Diversion During the Medieval Period (1.0-0.8 ka BP) -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Regressions of the Aral Sea During the Last 2000 Years -- 5.2.1 Modern Crisis and Parameters of the Aral Sea and Its Feeding Syr Darya and Amu Darya Rivers -- 5.2.2 Historical Water Level Fluctuations of the Aral Sea -- 5.2.3 Causes -- 5.3 Medieval Water Withdrawal: Research Methods -- 5.4 Medieval Water Withdrawal: Research Results -- 5.4.1 The Urban Complexes of the Syr Darya Basin -- 5.4.2 Coefficient of Water Use in the Otrar Oasis in X-XII AD -- 5.4.3 Annual Water Withdrawal in the Syr Darya Basin During the X-XII AD -- 5.4.4 Total Annual Water Withdrawal in the Syr Darya and Amu Darya Basins During X-XII AD -- 5.5 Discussion -- 5.5.1 Controlling Factors of the Aral Sea Water Balance During X-XII AD -- 5.5.2 Water Diversion Events Along the Syr Darya Course -- 5.6 Conclusions -- References -- 6 Reconsidering Archaeological and Environmental Proxies for Long Term Human-Environment Interactions in the Valley of Kashmir -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Valley of Kashmir.

6.2.1 Geographic and Climatic Context -- 6.2.2 Archaeological and Historical Context -- 6.2.3 Holocene Palaeoclimate -- 6.3 Human-Environment Interaction in Kashmir -- 6.3.1 Previous Studies -- 6.3.2 Kashmir as Ecological Niche -- 6.3.3 Conceptualising Long Term Human-Environment Interaction in Kashmir -- 6.4 Conclusions -- 6.4.1 Discussion -- 6.4.2 Future Prospects-Pari-Has -- References -- Natural Disasters and Impacts in the Past Societies -- 7 Living with Earthquakes along the Silk Road -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Seismicity Along the Silk Road -- 7.3 Archeoseismology and Other Seismologies -- 7.4 Construction Materials in Earthquake-Resistant Techniques -- 7.4.1 Yurt -- 7.4.2 Rammed Earth, Adobe -- 7.4.3 Wood -- 7.4.4 Wood-Reinforced Masonry -- 7.4.5 Brick Bands -- 7.4.6 Metal Clamps, Bolts, Anchors and Chains -- 7.4.7 Interlocking Masonry -- 7.4.8 Roman Concrete -- 7.5 Discussion -- 7.5.1 Social Memory of Calamities -- 7.5.2 Anti-seismic Construction Practices -- 7.5.3 Earthquake-Resistant Construction Without Apparent Need -- 7.5.4 Traditional Good Practices and Modern Construction -- 7.6 Conclusions -- References -- 8 Natural Disasters in the History of the Eastern Turk Empire -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Methods -- 8.3 The Influence of Climate Extremes on the History of the Eastern Turk Empire in AD 536-685 -- 8.3.1 Climate Extremes of AD 536-545 -- 8.3.2 Climate Extremes of AD 581-583 -- 8.3.3 Climatic Extremes of AD 599-601 -- 8.3.4 Climatic Extremes of AD 627-630 -- 8.3.5 Climatic Extremes of AD 679-685 -- 8.4 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Dry and Humid Periods Reconstructed from Tree Rings in the Former Territory of Sogdiana (Central Asia) and Their Socio-economic Consequences over the Last Millennium -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Description of the Study Area -- 9.2.1 Regional Settings -- 9.2.2 Climate of the Study Area.

9.3 Materials and Methods -- 9.3.1 Tree Ring Sampling and Development of Chronologies -- 9.3.2 Climatological Data and Dendroclimatic Methods -- 9.4 Results and Discussion -- 9.4.1 Characteristics of Tree-Ring Chronology and Its Response to Climate -- 9.4.2 Moisture Changes in the Last Millennium -- 9.4.3 Socio-economic Changes During the Past Millennium -- 9.5 Conclusions -- References -- 10 A Drought Reconstruction from the Low-Elevation Juniper Forest of Northwestern Kyrgyzstan since CE 1565 -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Data and Methods -- 10.2.1 Study Area -- 10.2.2 Tree-Ring Width Chronology Development -- 10.2.3 Statistical Analysis -- 10.3 Results -- 10.3.1 Tree-Ring Width Chronology Response to Climate and SPEI Reconstruction -- 10.3.2 The Drought Characteristics of Northwestern Kyrgyzstan -- 10.4 Discussion -- 10.4.1 Comparisons with Other Drought Reconstructions -- 10.4.2 Current and Historical Drought Perspectives -- 10.5 Conclusions -- References -- Climatic Factors in the Transitions of Social Systems -- 11 Social Impacts of Climate Change in Historical China -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Concept Model: Impact-Response Processes of Climate Change Under the Framework of Food Security -- 11.3 Methodology: Quantifying Historical Social and Economic Series Based on Semantic Differential Over the Past 2000 Years in China -- 11.4 Scientific Understanding: The Macroscopic Rhythm of Climate and Social-Economic Changes -- 11.5 Conclusions and Prospects -- References -- 12 Climate Change and the Rise of the Central Asian Silk Roads -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Methods -- 12.2.1 Climate Model -- 12.2.2 Methodology -- 12.2.3 Boundary Conditions -- 12.3 Modelling Results -- 12.4 Discussion -- 12.5 Conclusions -- References -- 13 The Coming of the Barbarians: Can Climate Explain the Saljūqs' Advance? -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Ecological Frontiers.

13.3 Sources -- 13.4 The Coming of the Saljūqs -- 13.5 Climatological Determinism? -- 13.6 A Revisionist Approach -- 13.7 Conclusion -- References -- 14 Climate Change and the Rise and Fall of the Oxus Civilization in Southern Central Asia -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Short Note on the Geography of Southern Central Asia and Northern Iran -- 14.3 The Oxus Civilization or Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC) -- 14.4 The Fall? Overview of the End of the Oxus Civilization -- 14.5 The Environmental Hypothesis as Responsible for the Changes of the Oxus Civilization -- 14.6 The Palaeoclimate Data -- 14.7 Geomorphological Studies -- 14.8 Discussion -- 14.8.1 A Present Lack of Correlation Between the Environmental Data and the Sociocultural Evolution -- 14.8.2 Resilience and Adaptations of the Populations to Climate Variation -- 14.8.3 Convergence of Multiple Causes -- 14.9 Conclusion -- References -- 15 Climatic and Environmental Limiting Factors in the Mongol Empire's Westward Expansion: Exploring Causes for the Mongol Withdrawal from Hungary in 1242 -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.1.1 Background -- 15.1.2 State of the Art and Research Questions -- 15.2 Methodology -- 15.2.1 A Comparative Historical Approach -- 15.3 Discussions -- 15.3.1 The Question of Hungary's "Suitability" Within the Mongol Empire: Before and After the Withdrawal of 1242 -- 15.3.2 The Issue of the 1242-1243 Famine in Hungary and Its Causes -- 15.3.3 Local Resistance and the Possibility of Diminished Military Capacity as a Result of Climate in 1242 -- 15.4 Conclusions -- References -- Social Adaptation and Resilience to Environmental Stresses -- 16 Resilience of the Human-Water System at the Southern Silk Road: A Case Study of the Northern Catchment of Erhai Lake, China (1382-1912) -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.1.1 Relationships Between Human and Water in the Long Historical Period.

16.1.2 Resilience Theory in Human-Water Relationships.