The European Landing Obligation : : Reducing Discards in Complex, Multi-Species and Multi-Jurisdictional Fisheries.

• Author: Uhlmann, Sven Sebastian.
• TeilnehmendeR: Ulrich, Clara.; Kennelly, Steven J.
• Place / Publishing House: Cham : : Springer International Publishing AG,, 2019.; ©2019.
• Year of Publication: 2019
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (438 pages)

Table of Contents

• Intro
• Foreword
• Preface
• References
• Acknowledgements
• Contents
• Part I: Global and European Perspectives on Discard Policies
• Chapter 1: Strategies Used Throughout the World to Manage Fisheries Discards - Lessons for Implementation of the EU Landing Ob...
• 1.1 Introduction
• 1.2 Case Studies
• 1.2.1 Norway
• 1.2.2 Iceland
• 1.2.3 USA
• 1.2.4 Chile
• 1.2.5 Argentina
• 1.2.6 Australia
• 1.2.7 New Zealand
• 1.2.8 Asia
• 1.2.8.1 Southeast Asia
• 1.2.8.2 India
• 1.2.9 Africa
• 1.3 Discussion: What Makes a Discard Mitigation Policy Work?
• 1.3.1 Fisheries with a Focus on Reducing Unwanted Catches
• 1.3.2 High Utilisation Fisheries
• 1.4 Lessons Learned
• References
• Chapter 2: Discards in the Common Fisheries Policy: The Evolution of the Policy
• 2.1 Introduction: Historical Background
• 2.1.1 Discards in the Common Fishery Policy
• 2.1.2 The Communications of 2007 and 2011
• 2.2 The Landing Obligation and the CFP Reform of 2013
• 2.2.1 Why a Ban on Discards? The Proposal by the European Commission
• 2.2.2 The Debate with the Council of the EU and the European Parliament
• 2.2.3 The Flexibility Mechanisms
• 2.2.3.1 The de minimis Allowance
• 2.2.3.2 The High Survival Exemption
• 2.2.3.3 The Inter-Stock Flexibility
• 2.2.4 What to Do with the Unwanted Fish?
• 2.3 Implementation
• 2.3.1 The Flexibility Mechanisms
• 2.3.2 Predator-Damaged Fish
• 2.3.3 Discard Plans and Minimum Sizes
• 2.3.3.1 Discard Plans
• 2.3.3.2 Reduction of Minimum Sizes
• 2.3.4 Additional Regulatory Mechanism: TACs and Prohibited Species
• 2.3.4.1 TAC Footnotes
• 2.3.4.2 TAC Increases
• 2.3.4.3 TACs Suppression
• 2.3.4.4 Zero TACs
• 2.3.5 Prohibited Species List
• 2.3.6 Technical Measures
• 2.3.7 Multiannual Management Plans
• 2.3.7.1 FMSY Upper Range
• 2.3.7.2 Target and Bycatch Species.
• 2.3.8 Monitoring, Control and Enforcement
• 2.3.8.1 Postponement of Serious Infringement
• 2.3.8.2 Reporting on the Implementation of the LO
• 2.3.8.3 Revision of the Control Regulation
• 2.4 Future Perspectives
• 2.4.1 Facilitating Implementation
• 2.4.2 Possible Legislative Changes?
• References
• Chapter 3: Requirements for Documentation, Data Collection and Scientific Evaluations
• 3.1 Introduction
• 3.2 High Survival Exemption
• 3.2.1 Description of the Evidence
• 3.2.2 Evidence Collected So Far
• 3.2.3 Review of the Evidence
• 3.3 De Minimis
• 3.3.1 Description of the Evidence
• 3.3.2 Evidence Collected So Far
• 3.3.3 Review of the Evidence
• 3.4 Impact of the Landing Obligation on the Scientific Advice on Fishing Opportunities
• 3.4.1 ICES Advice
• 3.4.2 TAC Uplifts
• 3.5 Annual Reporting
• 3.6 Conclusion
• References
• Part II: Potential Social, Economic and Ecological Impacts of the Landing Obligation
• Chapter 4: Fishing Industry Perspectives on the EU Landing Obligation
• 4.1 Introduction
• 4.2 European Fishing Industry Engagement with the Discard Issue up to the LO
• 4.3 Fishing Industry Stakeholders ́Opinions of the LO
• 4.3.1 Knowledge of the Landing Obligation and Participation in the Implementation Process
• 4.3.2 Impacts of the Landing Obligation
• 4.3.3 Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies
• 4.3.4 Control and Monitoring
• 4.3.5 Industry-Science Collaboration
• 4.3.6 Opposition to the LO
• 4.4 Discussion and Conclusions
• References
• Chapter 5: The Implementation of the Landing Obligation in Small-Scale Fisheries of Southern European Union Countries
• 5.1 Introduction
• 5.2 The Status of Discards in Small-Scale Fisheries
• 5.3 Impacts of the Landing Obligation in Small-Scale Fisheries
• 5.3.1 France
• 5.3.2 Greece
• 5.3.3 Portugal
• 5.3.3.1 The Beach Seine Fishery.
• 5.3.3.2 The Deep-water Hook-and-Line Fishery in Azores
• 5.3.4 Spain
• 5.3.4.1 Small-Scale Fisheries in Catalonia
• 5.3.4.2 The Gillnet Fishery in Galicia
• 5.4 Conclusion
• References
• Chapter 6: Potential Economic Consequences of the Landing Obligation
• 6.1 Introduction
• 6.2 What Can the Literature of Economics Tell Us?
• 6.3 The European Case Study Fisheries
• 6.3.1 Mitigation Strategies
• 6.3.2 The Model Tools
• 6.4 Results
• 6.5 Summary and Policy Recommendations
• References
• Chapter 7: The Impact of Fisheries Discards on Scavengers in the Sea
• 7.1 Introduction
• 7.2 Field Observations of Discard-Scavenger Interactions
• 7.2.1 Methodological Approach
• 7.2.1.1 List of Observational Studies
• 7.2.1.2 Review of Empirical Information and Observational Studies
• 7.2.2 Identification of Scavenging Taxa
• 7.2.2.1 Observational Studies
• 7.2.2.2 Commercial Baited Fisheries
• 7.2.3 Assessing Scavenger Abilities
• 7.2.3.1 Encounter Probability: Home Range
• 7.2.3.2 Encounter Probability: Detection Ability
• 7.2.3.3 Encounter Probability: Locomotion
• 7.2.3.4 Encounter Probability: Metabolism
• 7.2.3.5 Handling Tactics: Competitive Abilities
• 7.2.3.6 Handling Tactics: Facilitation
• 7.2.4 Towards Identification of the Most Likely Discard-Consumer Candidates
• 7.3 Modelling Approaches to Discard-Scavenger Interactions
• 7.3.1 Materials and Methods
• 7.3.2 Results
• 7.3.2.1 The Flow of Discards Into the Environment
• 7.3.2.2 Effect of Removing Discards on the Ecosystem
• 7.3.3 Discussion
• 7.4 Synthesis and Outlook
• References
• Part III: Cultural, Institutional and Multi-Jurisdictional Challenges
• Chapter 8: How the Implementation of the Landing Obligation Was Weakened
• 8.1 Introduction
• 8.2 The Omnibus Regulation 2013-2015
• 8.3 High Survival - A Concept Undefined by Decision Makers.
• 8.4 The Drafting of Discard Plans
• 8.5 Data Collection and Reporting Requirements Under the Landing Obligation
• References
• Chapter 9: Muddying the Waters of the Landing Obligation: How Multi-level Governance Structures Can Obscure Policy Implementat...
• 9.1 Introduction
• 9.2 Fisheries Management, Subsidiarity and Multi-level Governance
• 9.3 A Short History of the EU Landing Obligation
• 9.4 The Implementation of the Landing Obligation in Dutch Fisheries
• 9.5 The Muddy Waters of Multi-level Governance
• 9.6 Conclusions
• References
• Chapter 10: The Baltic Cod Trawl Fishery: The Perfect Fishery for a Successful Implementation of the Landing Obligation?
• 10.1 Introduction
• 10.1.1 The Baltic Cod Stocks: Stock Development and Current Status
• 10.2 Data Collection and Assessment of Baltic Cod
• 10.3 Research to Improve Selectivity in Baltic Cod Trawls
• 10.3.1 Technical Conservation Measures - the Baltic History
• 10.3.2 Technical Conservation Measures - Since the Introduction of the Landing Obligation
• 10.4 Effects of the Landing Obligation on Scientific Data for Stock Assessments
• 10.5 Conclusions - Lessons from the Landing Obligation in the Baltic Cod Trawl Fishery and Future Prospects
• References
• Chapter 11: Creating a Breeding Ground for Compliance and Honest Reporting Under the Landing Obligation: Insights from Behavio...
• 11.1 Introduction
• 11.2 The Commercial Pressures Influencing Fisher Decisions
• 11.3 Behavioural Economics: A Discipline Providing Guidance for Addressing the Problem
• 11.3.1 Determinants of Honesty and Respect for the Law
• 11.3.2 Crowding Out of Voluntary Compliance
• 11.3.3 The Effects of Being Watched
• 11.3.4 Loss Aversion and the Use of ``Carrot ́́or ``Stick ́́Approaches
• 11.4 Conclusions
• References
• Part IV: Tactical and Technological Options for Reducing Unwanted Catches.
• Chapter 12: A Marine Spatial Planning Approach to Minimize Discards: Challenges and Opportunities of the Landing Obligation in...
• 12.1 Introduction
• 12.2 Marine Spatial Planning Approach to Minimize Discards
• 12.2.1 An Online GIS Platform to Mitigate Discards
• 12.2.2 MSP to Reduce Discards in a Small Pelagic Fishery off South East Spain
• 12.3 Challenges and Opportunities of MSP
• 12.4 Summary and Policy Recommendations
• References
• Chapter 13: The Best Way to Reduce Discards Is by Not Catching Them!
• 13.1 Introduction
• 13.2 What Can Fishers Themselves Do to Reduce Their Discards?
• 13.2.1 Gear Based Changes Used in the ``Challenge Trials ́́-- 13.2.2 Tactical and Strategic Changes Used in the Challenge Trials
• 13.2.3 Conclusion
• 13.3 Where and When to Fish to Avoid Unwanted Catches - How the Scientists Can Help
• 13.3.1 Decision Support Tools Using Survey Data
• 13.3.2 Decision Support Tools Using Observer Data
• 13.3.2.1 Where Are Discards Clustered Together?
• 13.3.2.2 Mapping Catch Hot Spots to Avoid Unwanted Catches
• 13.3.2.3 Detailed Haul-by-Haul Mapping Using Electronic Monitoring Data
• 13.3.2.4 Combining Surveys and Commercial Catch Data to Provide Year-Round Abundance Distributions
• 13.4 Web-Based Apps to Help Fishers Plan Where and When to Fish to Avoid Unwanted Catches
• 13.5 Conclusions
• References
• Chapter 14: Discard Avoidance by Improving Fishing Gear Selectivity: Helping the Fishing Industry Help Itself
• 14.1 Introduction
• 14.2 Making Best Use of Existing Information
• 14.3 Obtaining New Insights and Enhancing the Capacity to Make Real-Time Decisions
• 14.4 Successful Development and Implementation
• 14.5 Alternative Technologies to Improve Species and Size Selectivity
• 14.6 In Summary
• References.
• Chapter 15: Mitigating Slipping-Related Mortality from Purse Seine Fisheries for Small Pelagic Fish: Case Studies from Europea.