The European Landing Obligation : : Reducing Discards in Complex, Multi-Species and Multi-Jurisdictional Fisheries.

• Author: Uhlmann, Sven Sebastian.
• TeilnehmendeR: Ulrich, Clara.; Kennelly, Steven J.
• Place / Publishing House: Cham : : Springer International Publishing AG,, 2019.; ©2019.
• Year of Publication: 2019
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (438 pages)

Table of Contents

Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- References -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Part I: Global and European Perspectives on Discard Policies -- Chapter 1: Strategies Used Throughout the World to Manage Fisheries Discards - Lessons for Implementation of the EU Landing Ob... -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Case Studies -- 1.2.1 Norway -- 1.2.2 Iceland -- 1.2.3 USA -- 1.2.4 Chile -- 1.2.5 Argentina -- 1.2.6 Australia -- 1.2.7 New Zealand -- 1.2.8 Asia -- 1.2.8.1 Southeast Asia -- 1.2.8.2 India -- 1.2.9 Africa -- 1.3 Discussion: What Makes a Discard Mitigation Policy Work? -- 1.3.1 Fisheries with a Focus on Reducing Unwanted Catches -- 1.3.2 High Utilisation Fisheries -- 1.4 Lessons Learned -- References -- Chapter 2: Discards in the Common Fisheries Policy: The Evolution of the Policy -- 2.1 Introduction: Historical Background -- 2.1.1 Discards in the Common Fishery Policy -- 2.1.2 The Communications of 2007 and 2011 -- 2.2 The Landing Obligation and the CFP Reform of 2013 -- 2.2.1 Why a Ban on Discards? The Proposal by the European Commission -- 2.2.2 The Debate with the Council of the EU and the European Parliament -- 2.2.3 The Flexibility Mechanisms -- 2.2.3.1 The de minimis Allowance -- 2.2.3.2 The High Survival Exemption -- 2.2.3.3 The Inter-Stock Flexibility -- 2.2.4 What to Do with the Unwanted Fish? -- 2.3 Implementation -- 2.3.1 The Flexibility Mechanisms -- 2.3.2 Predator-Damaged Fish -- 2.3.3 Discard Plans and Minimum Sizes -- 2.3.3.1 Discard Plans -- 2.3.3.2 Reduction of Minimum Sizes -- 2.3.4 Additional Regulatory Mechanism: TACs and Prohibited Species -- 2.3.4.1 TAC Footnotes -- 2.3.4.2 TAC Increases -- 2.3.4.3 TACs Suppression -- 2.3.4.4 Zero TACs -- 2.3.5 Prohibited Species List -- 2.3.6 Technical Measures -- 2.3.7 Multiannual Management Plans -- 2.3.7.1 FMSY Upper Range -- 2.3.7.2 Target and Bycatch Species.

2.3.8 Monitoring, Control and Enforcement -- 2.3.8.1 Postponement of Serious Infringement -- 2.3.8.2 Reporting on the Implementation of the LO -- 2.3.8.3 Revision of the Control Regulation -- 2.4 Future Perspectives -- 2.4.1 Facilitating Implementation -- 2.4.2 Possible Legislative Changes? -- References -- Chapter 3: Requirements for Documentation, Data Collection and Scientific Evaluations -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 High Survival Exemption -- 3.2.1 Description of the Evidence -- 3.2.2 Evidence Collected So Far -- 3.2.3 Review of the Evidence -- 3.3 De Minimis -- 3.3.1 Description of the Evidence -- 3.3.2 Evidence Collected So Far -- 3.3.3 Review of the Evidence -- 3.4 Impact of the Landing Obligation on the Scientific Advice on Fishing Opportunities -- 3.4.1 ICES Advice -- 3.4.2 TAC Uplifts -- 3.5 Annual Reporting -- 3.6 Conclusion -- References -- Part II: Potential Social, Economic and Ecological Impacts of the Landing Obligation -- Chapter 4: Fishing Industry Perspectives on the EU Landing Obligation -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 European Fishing Industry Engagement with the Discard Issue up to the LO -- 4.3 Fishing Industry Stakeholders ́Opinions of the LO -- 4.3.1 Knowledge of the Landing Obligation and Participation in the Implementation Process -- 4.3.2 Impacts of the Landing Obligation -- 4.3.3 Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies -- 4.3.4 Control and Monitoring -- 4.3.5 Industry-Science Collaboration -- 4.3.6 Opposition to the LO -- 4.4 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: The Implementation of the Landing Obligation in Small-Scale Fisheries of Southern European Union Countries -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 The Status of Discards in Small-Scale Fisheries -- 5.3 Impacts of the Landing Obligation in Small-Scale Fisheries -- 5.3.1 France -- 5.3.2 Greece -- 5.3.3 Portugal -- 5.3.3.1 The Beach Seine Fishery.

5.3.3.2 The Deep-water Hook-and-Line Fishery in Azores -- 5.3.4 Spain -- 5.3.4.1 Small-Scale Fisheries in Catalonia -- 5.3.4.2 The Gillnet Fishery in Galicia -- 5.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6: Potential Economic Consequences of the Landing Obligation -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 What Can the Literature of Economics Tell Us? -- 6.3 The European Case Study Fisheries -- 6.3.1 Mitigation Strategies -- 6.3.2 The Model Tools -- 6.4 Results -- 6.5 Summary and Policy Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 7: The Impact of Fisheries Discards on Scavengers in the Sea -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Field Observations of Discard-Scavenger Interactions -- 7.2.1 Methodological Approach -- 7.2.1.1 List of Observational Studies -- 7.2.1.2 Review of Empirical Information and Observational Studies -- 7.2.2 Identification of Scavenging Taxa -- 7.2.2.1 Observational Studies -- 7.2.2.2 Commercial Baited Fisheries -- 7.2.3 Assessing Scavenger Abilities -- 7.2.3.1 Encounter Probability: Home Range -- 7.2.3.2 Encounter Probability: Detection Ability -- 7.2.3.3 Encounter Probability: Locomotion -- 7.2.3.4 Encounter Probability: Metabolism -- 7.2.3.5 Handling Tactics: Competitive Abilities -- 7.2.3.6 Handling Tactics: Facilitation -- 7.2.4 Towards Identification of the Most Likely Discard-Consumer Candidates -- 7.3 Modelling Approaches to Discard-Scavenger Interactions -- 7.3.1 Materials and Methods -- 7.3.2 Results -- 7.3.2.1 The Flow of Discards Into the Environment -- 7.3.2.2 Effect of Removing Discards on the Ecosystem -- 7.3.3 Discussion -- 7.4 Synthesis and Outlook -- References -- Part III: Cultural, Institutional and Multi-Jurisdictional Challenges -- Chapter 8: How the Implementation of the Landing Obligation Was Weakened -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 The Omnibus Regulation 2013-2015 -- 8.3 High Survival - A Concept Undefined by Decision Makers.

8.4 The Drafting of Discard Plans -- 8.5 Data Collection and Reporting Requirements Under the Landing Obligation -- References -- Chapter 9: Muddying the Waters of the Landing Obligation: How Multi-level Governance Structures Can Obscure Policy Implementat... -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Fisheries Management, Subsidiarity and Multi-level Governance -- 9.3 A Short History of the EU Landing Obligation -- 9.4 The Implementation of the Landing Obligation in Dutch Fisheries -- 9.5 The Muddy Waters of Multi-level Governance -- 9.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10: The Baltic Cod Trawl Fishery: The Perfect Fishery for a Successful Implementation of the Landing Obligation? -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 The Baltic Cod Stocks: Stock Development and Current Status -- 10.2 Data Collection and Assessment of Baltic Cod -- 10.3 Research to Improve Selectivity in Baltic Cod Trawls -- 10.3.1 Technical Conservation Measures - the Baltic History -- 10.3.2 Technical Conservation Measures - Since the Introduction of the Landing Obligation -- 10.4 Effects of the Landing Obligation on Scientific Data for Stock Assessments -- 10.5 Conclusions - Lessons from the Landing Obligation in the Baltic Cod Trawl Fishery and Future Prospects -- References -- Chapter 11: Creating a Breeding Ground for Compliance and Honest Reporting Under the Landing Obligation: Insights from Behavio... -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 The Commercial Pressures Influencing Fisher Decisions -- 11.3 Behavioural Economics: A Discipline Providing Guidance for Addressing the Problem -- 11.3.1 Determinants of Honesty and Respect for the Law -- 11.3.2 Crowding Out of Voluntary Compliance -- 11.3.3 The Effects of Being Watched -- 11.3.4 Loss Aversion and the Use of ``Carrot ́́or ``Stick ́́Approaches -- 11.4 Conclusions -- References -- Part IV: Tactical and Technological Options for Reducing Unwanted Catches.

Chapter 12: A Marine Spatial Planning Approach to Minimize Discards: Challenges and Opportunities of the Landing Obligation in... -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Marine Spatial Planning Approach to Minimize Discards -- 12.2.1 An Online GIS Platform to Mitigate Discards -- 12.2.2 MSP to Reduce Discards in a Small Pelagic Fishery off South East Spain -- 12.3 Challenges and Opportunities of MSP -- 12.4 Summary and Policy Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 13: The Best Way to Reduce Discards Is by Not Catching Them! -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 What Can Fishers Themselves Do to Reduce Their Discards? -- 13.2.1 Gear Based Changes Used in the ``Challenge Trials ́́-- 13.2.2 Tactical and Strategic Changes Used in the Challenge Trials -- 13.2.3 Conclusion -- 13.3 Where and When to Fish to Avoid Unwanted Catches - How the Scientists Can Help -- 13.3.1 Decision Support Tools Using Survey Data -- 13.3.2 Decision Support Tools Using Observer Data -- 13.3.2.1 Where Are Discards Clustered Together? -- 13.3.2.2 Mapping Catch Hot Spots to Avoid Unwanted Catches -- 13.3.2.3 Detailed Haul-by-Haul Mapping Using Electronic Monitoring Data -- 13.3.2.4 Combining Surveys and Commercial Catch Data to Provide Year-Round Abundance Distributions -- 13.4 Web-Based Apps to Help Fishers Plan Where and When to Fish to Avoid Unwanted Catches -- 13.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 14: Discard Avoidance by Improving Fishing Gear Selectivity: Helping the Fishing Industry Help Itself -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Making Best Use of Existing Information -- 14.3 Obtaining New Insights and Enhancing the Capacity to Make Real-Time Decisions -- 14.4 Successful Development and Implementation -- 14.5 Alternative Technologies to Improve Species and Size Selectivity -- 14.6 In Summary -- References.

Chapter 15: Mitigating Slipping-Related Mortality from Purse Seine Fisheries for Small Pelagic Fish: Case Studies from Europea.