The Dynamics of Opportunity in America : : Evidence and Perspectives.

The Dynamics of Opportunity in America : : Evidence and Perspectives.

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Bibliographic Details
:
Kirsch, Irwin.
TeilnehmendeR:
Braun, Henry.
Place / Publishing House:Cham : : Springer International Publishing AG,, 2016.
©2016.
Year of Publication:2016
Edition:1st ed.
Language:English
Online Access:
Physical Description:1 online resource (508 pages)
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Table of Contents:
  • Intro
  • Dedication
  • Preface
  • Editors' Note
  • Contents
  • About the Editors and Contributors
  • List of Figures
  • List of Tables
  • Chapter 1: Introduction: Opportunity in America-Setting the Stage
  • Introduction
  • Description of the Volume
  • Part I: Understanding Where We Are Today
  • Part II: The Labor Market
  • Part III: Education and Opportunity
  • Part IV: Politics and the Road Ahead
  • Part V: Seeking Inclusive Prosperity
  • Conclusion
  • References
  • Part I: Understanding Where We Are Today
  • Chapter 2: Segregation, Race, and the Social Worlds of Rich and Poor
  • Introduction
  • Four Decades of Segregation and Poverty
  • Poverty and Privilege in Black and White
  • Segregation and the Divergence of Social Worlds
  • Inequality in Hypersegregated America
  • Conclusion
  • References
  • Chapter 3: Federalism and Inequality in Education: What Can History Tell Us?
  • Introduction
  • Development of Free and Public Schools Through the Progressive Era
  • The Creation of Free Public School Systems, 1840-1860
  • 1865-1895: Expansion and Professionalization
  • The 'Progressive' Era: Redefining Equal Opportunity
  • Expanding the Federal Role in Education (World War II to the Space Race)
  • The Postwar Years
  • Education, the Space Race, and Meritocracy
  • Desegregation
  • The Role of ESEA in Desegregation
  • Federal Action to Desegregate K-12 Education in the South
  • Obstacles in the North
  • Assessing the Success of Desegregation
  • The Challenges of Title I: The Early Years
  • New Equity Issues Emerge in the 1970s
  • Nixon Seeks to Equalize Expenditures
  • Bilingual Education
  • Title IX Bars Discrimination Against Women
  • Education of Children with Disabilities
  • The 1978 Reauthorization of ESEA
  • Education Policy and Civil Rights in the Reagan Administration
  • The Nation at Risk Report.
  • Reagan Faces Reversals: Hawkins-Stafford Bill of 1988
  • The Era of Standards-Based Reform
  • George H. W. Bush and the Onset of Reform
  • Enter Systemic Education
  • Standards-Based Reform Arrives on the Federal Agenda
  • No Child Left Behind: Its Trajectory Under George W. Bush and Barack Obama
  • Bush Launches New Federal Reforms
  • Enter Obama and Duncan
  • The Importance of Title I
  • Background
  • NAEP's Relation to Title I
  • Long-Term NAEP: Trends and Interpretations
  • The 1980s and 1990s: Studying Actual Title I Students
  • NAEP Score Gaps after 2000
  • Some Generalizations
  • Three Eras in the History of the Federal Role in Education
  • Conditions for Change
  • Congress as the Arena for Advocacy and Compromise
  • Lack of Constitutional Authority as a Hindrance
  • States and Districts Forced to Focus on New Populations
  • The Numbers Game
  • The Reality of Delays
  • Impressive Action Despite the Odds
  • The Federal Government's Agenda-Setting Role
  • The Half-Truth About the Federal Role
  • Federal Action Can't Do It Alone
  • Not a Straight Evolution
  • From Laissez-Faire to Monitoring
  • The Conundrum of the Federal Role in Common Core
  • A National Arena of Education Policy: Common Core
  • Equality and Quality With the Common Core
  • Federal Funding: A Final Overview
  • Some Policy Suggestions
  • Reassessing the Federal Role
  • Title I Improvements
  • Additional Legislation
  • Conclusion
  • References
  • Chapter 4: The Changing Distribution of Educational Opportunities: 1993-2012
  • Introduction
  • Conceptions of Equity, Equal Opportunity, and Adequacy
  • Money and School Finance Reforms
  • Resources That Matter
  • Measuring Fiscal Input as Well as Real Resource Equity and Adequacy
  • Evaluating Funding Levels and Fairness
  • Evaluating Resource Levels and Fairness
  • Estimating Sensitivity of Resources to Funding Across Districts.
  • Findings
  • Resource Models
  • Relationships Across Adequacy (Level) Measures
  • Conclusions and Implications
  • Appendix
  • References
  • Chapter 5: The Dynamics of Opportunity in America: A Working Framework
  • Introduction
  • What Is Opportunity?
  • The Challenge
  • The Framework: Gates/Gaps/Gradients
  • Gates and Gaps Together
  • The Dynamics of Inequality
  • The Birth Lottery
  • Beginning School
  • Gradients
  • Why Is Expanding Opportunity Important?
  • Moving Forward
  • References
  • Part II: The Labor Market
  • Chapter 6: Wages in the United States: Trends, Explanations, and Solutions
  • Introduction
  • Empirical Trends in Wages and Compensation in the U.S.
  • Hourly Wage Percentiles
  • Weekly Earnings by Education
  • Annual Earnings by Wage Percentile
  • Adding Compensation to Wages
  • Near-Term Wage Issues
  • Labor's Share of National Income
  • Theories of Wage Formation
  • Theories that Assume Full Employment
  • Theories That Do Not Assume Full Employment
  • Diagnosis and Prescription: What's behind Wage Stagnation and Earnings Inequality and What Can Be Done to Reverse It?
  • Conclusion
  • References
  • Chapter 7: The Widening Socioeconomic Divergence in the U.S. Labor Market
  • Introduction
  • Defining Labor Underutilization
  • Defining the Educational Attainment and Household Income Groups
  • Identifying Labor Underutilization Problems across Education and Household Income Groups in the U.S.
  • Unemployment Problems Among Workers Across Education and Income Groups in 2013-2014
  • Underemployment Problems Among U.S. Workers
  • The Problems of Hidden Unemployment Among Workers in 2013-2014
  • Hidden Unemployment Rates Among Workers
  • Labor Underutilization Problems in the U.S. in 2013-2014
  • Labor Underutilization Rates Among Workers
  • By Separate Educational Attainment/Household Income Groups.
  • The Findings of Logistic Probability Models to Predict Labor Underutilization among Workers in 2013-2014
  • The Labor Underutilization Problems of the Nation's Young Adults (16-29) in 2013-2014
  • Trends in Labor Underutilization Rates Among Adults (16 and Over) by Educational Attainment and Household Income, 1999-2000 to 2013-2014
  • Income Problems of Underutilized Workers, 2012-2013
  • The Three Income Inadequacy Measures
  • The Poverty Rates of Workers by Underutilization Status and Educational Attainment
  • Poverty/Near Poverty Problems of the Underutilized
  • Low-Income Problems of Workers by Labor Underutilization and Educational Attainment
  • Conclusion
  • Appendices
  • Appendix 7A: Labor Underutilization Rates by Gender and Race-Ethnic Groups
  • Appendix 7B: Associations Between Educational Attainment/Household Income by Gender and Race-Ethnic Groups
  • Appendix 7C: Logistic Probability Models Showing Effects of Demographics on Underutilization Rate of Workers
  • Appendix 7D: Estimating the Probability of a Person with Given Background Traits Being Underutilized in 2013-2014
  • Appendix 7E: Logistic Probability Model of Labor Underutilization for Labor Force Participants Under 30
  • References
  • Part III: Education and Opportunity
  • Chapter 8: Gates, Gaps, and Intergenerational Mobility: The Importance of an Even Start
  • Introduction: How Can We Make the Start More Even?
  • What Makes a Difference Early in Life?
  • Gates and Gaps and the Life-Cycle Model
  • What We Know about Early Influences on Health, Behavior, and Learning: A Very Brief Review
  • Preschool Investments
  • The Five Factors That Determine Early Development
  • Family Structure
  • Parenting
  • Economic Inequality: Money Matters-A Lot
  • Social Institutions
  • Neighborhoods and the Role of Place
  • The Changing Race and Ethnicity of American Children.
  • Using the Gates-Gaps Metaphor to Examine Opportunity and Mobility Early in Life
  • Transition 1: Prenatal and Family Birth Status
  • Transition 2: Life at Early Ages, Post-Birth but before Preschool (6 Months to 3-4 Years)
  • Transition 3: Preschool and Early Childhood Education (Ages 4-6)
  • Cumulative Gaps?
  • Summary
  • Policy Levers to Open Gates, Reduce Gaps, and Moderate Cumulative Gaps Early On
  • Unwanted Pregnancy at Young Ages: An Agency Problem
  • Money Makes a Difference in Parenting
  • Prenatal and Early Parenting Programs
  • The Role of the Pediatrician
  • Preschool: The Importance of Quality
  • Conclusion
  • Appendix
  • References
  • Chapter 9: Quality and Equality in American Education: Systemic Problems, Systemic Solutions
  • An Unequal Present
  • Let's Start with the Children
  • Where Do the Schools Fit In?
  • Unequal Resources
  • Organizational Dysfunction and Unequal Practices
  • Signs of Progress
  • Observations from 60 Years of Equity Reforms: There Are No Silver Bullets
  • Lesson One: Implementation Dominates Impact
  • Context Matters
  • Capacity Is a Key Determinant of Implementation Quality and Results
  • Implementation Is a Social Process
  • Lesson Two: Piecemeal Reforms Leave Systemic Contributors Untouched
  • Vision of a More Equitable Education System
  • The Foundation: A Quality School System
  • Coherent Standards-Based Policy Framework
  • A Continuous Improvement Approach
  • Continuous Improvement (CI) and Outcome Accountability
  • Continuous Improvement and Equity
  • Targeted Strategies to Reduce Inequalities: Four High-Leverage Approaches
  • Ensuring Safe and Supportive School Environments
  • Developing Language Skills
  • Implementing a Tiered Approach to Intervention
  • Attending to Transition Points
  • Beyond School: Connecting Schools with Services and Institutions in the Community.
  • Getting From Here to There: The Problem of Change at Scale.

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