The History of Alternative Test Methods in Toxicology.
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Superior document: | History of Toxicology and Environmental Health Series |
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Place / Publishing House: | San Diego : : Elsevier Science & Technology,, 2018. ©2019. |
Year of Publication: | 2018 |
Edition: | 1st ed. |
Language: | English |
Series: | History of Toxicology and Environmental Health Series
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Online Access: | |
Physical Description: | 1 online resource (384 pages) |
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Table of Contents:
- Front Cover
- The History of Alternative Test Methods in Toxicology
- The History of Alternative Test Methods in Toxicology
- Copyright
- Contents
- Contributors
- Biographical Notes
- CO-EDITORS
- CO-AUTHORS
- Preface to the Series
- Preface for The History of Alternative Test Methods in Toxicology
- 1 - Setting the Scene
- 1.1 - The Introduction and Influence of the Concept of Humane Experimental Technique
- 1. INHUMANITY AND THE THREE RS CONCEPT
- 2. PROGRESS FOLLOWING THE PUBLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLES
- 3. ALTERNATIVES
- 4. PROGRESS IN THE 1980S
- 5. INTO THE 1990S
- REFERENCES
- 1.2 - Types of Toxicity and Applications of Toxicity Testing
- 1. THE NEED FOR TESTING
- 2. TYPES OF TOXICITY TEST
- 3. APPLICATIONS OF TOXICITY TESTING
- 4. RISK MANAGEMENT
- 5. THE REPLACEMENT OF ANIMAL TESTS
- 6. CONCLUSIONS
- REFERENCES
- 1.3 - The Key Technologies
- 1. INTRODUCTION
- 2. TECHNOLOGY DRIVERS
- 2.1 Tissue Culture Systems
- 2.2 Reporter Gene Assays and Biosensors
- 2.3 Miniaturised and Large-Scale Culture Systems
- 2.4 Toxicogenomics and Proteomics
- 2.5 Other Enabling Technologies
- 3. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
- REFERENCES
- 2 - Contributions From Countries, Regions and Organisations
- 2.1 - Alternative Methods in Toxicity Testing in the UK
- 1. EARLY DAYS
- 2. THE FUND FOR THE REPLACEMENT OF ANIMALS IN MEDICAL EXPERIMENTS
- 3. THE NATIONAL CENTRE FOR THE THREE RS
- 4. OTHER ORGANISATIONS
- REFERENCES
- 2.2 - Contributions From the German-Speaking Countries
- 1. INTRODUCTION
- 2. CONTRIBUTIONS FROM SWITZERLAND
- 2.1 The Foundation Research 3R
- 2.2 The Swiss Institute for Alternatives to Animal Testing
- 2.3 The Fondation Egon Naef Pour la Recherche In Vitro
- 2.4 Swiss Governmental Agency Support for the Three Rs Concept
- 3. CONTRIBUTIONS FROM GERMANY.
- 3.1 Zentralstelle zur Erfassung und Bewertung von Ersatz- und Ergaenzungsmethoden zum Tierversuch (ZEBET)
- 3.2 Reducing Animal Numbers in Regulatory Toxicity Testing
- 3.3 The Regulatory Acceptance of In Vitro Toxicity Tests Successfully Validated at ZEBET
- 3.4 The Funding of Research on In Vitro Toxicity Testing in Germany
- 3.5 ZEBET's Wider Activities
- 4. CONTRIBUTIONS FROM AUSTRIA
- 5. CONCLUSIONS
- REFERENCES
- 2.3 - Contributions to Alternatives From Italy and Spain
- 1. ACTIVITIES IN ITALY RELATED TO ALTERNATIVE METHODS
- 1.1 The Italian Association for In Vitro Toxicology
- 1.2 The Italian National Platform for Alternative Methods
- 1.3 The Italian National Reference Centre
- 1.4 The Three Rs Declaration of Bologna
- 2. ACTIVITIES IN SPAIN RELATED TO IN VITRO PHARMACOTOXICOLOGY
- 2.1 The ICLAS/CSIC Working Group on Complementary Methods
- 2.2 The Spanish Working Group on Alternative Methods
- 2.3 The 3ERRES Mailing List on Alternatives
- 2.4 Spanish Scientific Productivity Related to In Vivo and In Vitro Alternative Methods
- 2.5 The Inventory of the Spanish Institutions and Scientists Involved in Alternatives to the Use of Laboratory Animals
- 2.6 The Spanish Network for the Development of Alternative Methods
- REFERENCES
- 2.4 - Contributions to Alternatives From The Netherlands, Belgium and France
- 1. DEVELOPMENT OF ALTERNATIVES TO TOXICITY TESTING IN THE NETHERLANDS
- 1.1 Early Years
- 1.2 Recent Technological Developments
- 1.3 Organisational Frameworks
- 1.3.1 National Initiatives
- 1.3.2 International Initiatives
- 1.4 Implementation of Alternatives
- 1.5 Conclusions
- 2. DEVELOPMENT OF ALTERNATIVES TO TOXICITY TESTING IN BELGIUM
- 2.1 Early Years
- 2.2 More-recent Three Rs Developments in Belgium
- 3. DEVELOPMENT OF ALTERNATIVES TO TOXICITY TESTING IN FRANCE
- 3.1 Early Years.
- 3.2 Recent Technological Developments
- 3.3 Organisational Frameworks
- 3.4 Implementation of Alternatives
- 3.5 Conclusions
- REFERENCES
- 2.5 - Contributions of the Scandinavian Countries to the Development of Non-Animal Alternatives in Toxicology
- 1. INTRODUCTION
- 2. THE DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF ALTERNATIVE IN VITRO METHODS
- 2.1 Cell Toxicology
- 2.2 Neurotoxicology
- 2.3 Ocular Toxicology
- 2.4 Tissue Modelling
- 2.5 Reproductive Toxicology
- 2.6 Toxicokinetics and Biotransformation Modelling
- 2.7 Genotoxicity and Carcinogenicity Testing In Vitro
- 2.8 Ecotoxicology
- 2.9 Skin Sensitisation
- 3. ALTERNATIVES IN INDUSTRY
- 4. FINANCING RESEARCH ON NON-ANIMAL ALTERNATIVES, 1980-2016
- 5. RESEARCH CENTRES ESTABLISHED FOR THE DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF NON-ANIMAL METHODS
- 6. EDUCATION AND NON-ANIMAL METHODS
- 7. CONCLUDING COMMENTS
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- REFERENCES
- 2.6 - The Three Rs and Alternatives in the VisegrAd (V4) Countries
- 1. CENTRAL EUROPEAN COUNTRIES JOIN WESTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES IN THE EU
- 2. INITIAL THREE RS DEVELOPMENTS IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA
- 3. THREE RS ACTIVITIES IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC
- 3.1 The TEMPUS Joint European Project
- 3.2 World Congresses on Alternatives
- 3.3 Visit of Professor William Russell in 1997
- 3.4 Alternatives Conference in Prague, 2001
- 3.5 SSCT Meeting, 2009
- 3.6 Major Collaborations
- 3.7 Government Organisations
- 3.8 The State Veterinary Administration
- 4. ACTIVITIES IN SLOVAKIA
- 4.1 Early Developments in Slovakia
- 4.2 The National Scientific Network on Alternative Methods
- 4.3 The Slovak Toxicology Society
- 4.4 Interdisciplinary Toxicology
- 4.5 The State Veterinary and Food Administration of the Slovak Republic
- 4.6 The Private Sector
- 4.7 International Collaboration
- 5. ACTIVITIES IN HUNGARY
- 5.1 Organisations
- 5.2 Governmental Institutions.
- 5.3 The Private Sector
- 5.4 International Collaborations
- 5.5 Journal
- 6. THREE RS DEVELOPMENTS IN POLAND
- 6.1 Animal Experimentation in Poland
- 6.2 The Promotion of Alternatives
- 6.3 International Scientific Collaboration
- 6.4 Concluding Comment
- REFERENCES
- 2.7 - Australia and New Zealand
- 1. INTRODUCTION
- 2. THE 1989 AUSTRALIAN SENATE REPORT
- 3. LOCAL FACTORS
- 3.1 The Australian Anti-Venom Industry
- 3.2 Facial Eczema in Sheep
- 4. PARALYTIC SHELLFISH TOXIN
- 5. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
- 6. COSMETICS TESTING
- 7. ORGANISATIONS
- 8. CURRENT REGULATORY INTEREST
- 9. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
- REFERENCES
- 2.8 - Japanese Contributions to the Development of Alternative Test Methods
- 1. THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR ALTERNATIVES TO ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS
- 1.1 JSAAE Activities
- 1.2 International Cooperation
- 1.3 What Is Next for the JSAAE?
- 2. THE BACKGROUND TO JACVAM
- 2.1 What Is JaCVAM's Role?
- 2.2 Regulatory Acceptance and Ongoing Studies
- REFERENCES
- 2.9 - Contributions to the Development of Alternatives in Toxicology in China and Brazil
- 1. INTRODUCTION: ALTERNATIVES IN CHINA AND BRAZIL
- 2. ALTERNATIVES IN CHINA
- 2.1 History of Animal Use Regulations in China
- 2.2 The Regulatory Framework in China
- 2.3 Movement Toward the Use and Validation of Alternative Methods in China
- 2.4 Support for, and Regulatory Implementation of, Alternatives Within China
- 2.5 Special Difficulties or Hurdles to Accepting and/or Using Alternative Methods
- 2.6 Future Outlook for Alternatives in China
- 3. ALTERNATIVES IN BRAZIL
- 3.1 History of Animal Use Regulations in Brazil
- 3.2 The Regulatory Framework in Brazil
- 3.3 Movement Toward the Use and Validation of Alternative Methods in Brazil
- 3.4 Support for, and Regulatory Implementation of, Alternatives Within Brazil.
- 3.5 Special Difficulties or Hurdles to Accepting and/or Using Alternative Methods
- 3.6 Future Outlook for Alternatives in Brazil
- REFERENCES
- 2.10 - The Role of ECVAM
- 1. THE EARLY YEARS OF ECVAM, 1991-2002
- 1.1 Validation
- 1.2 Workshops and Task Forces
- 1.3 Biologicals
- 1.4 In-house Research
- 1.5 Collaboration in Education and Training
- 1.6 The ECVAM Scientific Information Service
- 1.7 Collaborations
- 1.8 Summary
- 2. THE EVOLUTION OF ECVAM AND ITS NETWORKS
- 3. ECVAM ACTIVITIES IN THE CONTEXT OF EU POLICY DRIVERS FOR ALTERNATIVES
- 3.1 EU Legislation on Cosmetic Products
- 3.2 The EU Chemicals Policy - REACH
- 3.3 Other EU Chemicals Policies Relevant to Alternatives
- 3.4 The European Citizens' Initiative `Stop Vivisection'
- 4. ECVAM'S CONTRIBUTIONS TO INTERNATIONAL HARMONISATION ACTIVITIES WITHIN THE OECD
- 4.1 OECD Projects of the TGs Programme Currently (Co-)led by ECVAM
- 4.2 Activities of ECVAM in the OECD Extended Advisory Group for Molecular Screening and Toxicogenomics
- 4.3 Activities of ECVAM in the OECD Working Party on Hazard Assessment
- 5. FUTURE OUTLOOK
- REFERENCES
- 2.11 - The Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing in the USA and Europe
- 1. CAAT‒USA
- 2. CAAT‒EUROPE
- 3. THE CAAT PROGRAMMES
- 3.1 The Grants Programme
- 3.2 The Avon Programme Project
- 3.3 The Communications Programme
- 3.4 Workshops and Technical Reports - The t4 Programme
- 3.5 Education Programmes
- 3.6 The Refinement Programme
- 3.7 US and EU Policy Programmes
- 4. FROM A SYMPOSIUM SERIES TO WORLD CONGRESSES
- 5. TOXICOLOGY TESTING IN THE 21ST CENTURY - THE HUMAN TOXOME PROJECT
- 6. THE EVIDENCE-BASED TOXICOLOGY COLLABORATION
- 7. THE GREEN TOXICOLOGY COLLABORATION
- 8. THE READ-ACROSS PRACTICE COLLABORATION
- 9. THE GOOD CELL CULTURE PRACTICE COLLABORATION
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- REFERENCES.
- 2.12 - USA: ICCVAM and NICEATM.