The History of Alternative Test Methods in Toxicology.
Saved in:
Superior document: | History of Toxicology and Environmental Health Series |
---|---|
: | |
TeilnehmendeR: | |
Place / Publishing House: | San Diego : : Elsevier Science & Technology,, 2018. ©2019. |
Year of Publication: | 2018 |
Edition: | 1st ed. |
Language: | English |
Series: | History of Toxicology and Environmental Health Series
|
Online Access: | |
Physical Description: | 1 online resource (384 pages) |
Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
id |
5005561525 |
---|---|
ctrlnum |
(MiAaPQ)5005561525 (Au-PeEL)EBL5561525 (CaPaEBR)ebr11626540 (OCoLC)1061127152 |
collection |
bib_alma |
record_format |
marc |
spelling |
Balls, Michael. The History of Alternative Test Methods in Toxicology. 1st ed. San Diego : Elsevier Science & Technology, 2018. ©2019. 1 online resource (384 pages) text txt rdacontent computer c rdamedia online resource cr rdacarrier History of Toxicology and Environmental Health Series Front Cover -- The History of Alternative Test Methods in Toxicology -- The History of Alternative Test Methods in Toxicology -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Biographical Notes -- CO-EDITORS -- CO-AUTHORS -- Preface to the Series -- Preface for The History of Alternative Test Methods in Toxicology -- 1 - Setting the Scene -- 1.1 - The Introduction and Influence of the Concept of Humane Experimental Technique -- 1. INHUMANITY AND THE THREE RS CONCEPT -- 2. PROGRESS FOLLOWING THE PUBLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLES -- 3. ALTERNATIVES -- 4. PROGRESS IN THE 1980S -- 5. INTO THE 1990S -- REFERENCES -- 1.2 - Types of Toxicity and Applications of Toxicity Testing -- 1. THE NEED FOR TESTING -- 2. TYPES OF TOXICITY TEST -- 3. APPLICATIONS OF TOXICITY TESTING -- 4. RISK MANAGEMENT -- 5. THE REPLACEMENT OF ANIMAL TESTS -- 6. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 1.3 - The Key Technologies -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. TECHNOLOGY DRIVERS -- 2.1 Tissue Culture Systems -- 2.2 Reporter Gene Assays and Biosensors -- 2.3 Miniaturised and Large-Scale Culture Systems -- 2.4 Toxicogenomics and Proteomics -- 2.5 Other Enabling Technologies -- 3. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 2 - Contributions From Countries, Regions and Organisations -- 2.1 - Alternative Methods in Toxicity Testing in the UK -- 1. EARLY DAYS -- 2. THE FUND FOR THE REPLACEMENT OF ANIMALS IN MEDICAL EXPERIMENTS -- 3. THE NATIONAL CENTRE FOR THE THREE RS -- 4. OTHER ORGANISATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 2.2 - Contributions From the German-Speaking Countries -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. CONTRIBUTIONS FROM SWITZERLAND -- 2.1 The Foundation Research 3R -- 2.2 The Swiss Institute for Alternatives to Animal Testing -- 2.3 The Fondation Egon Naef Pour la Recherche In Vitro -- 2.4 Swiss Governmental Agency Support for the Three Rs Concept -- 3. CONTRIBUTIONS FROM GERMANY. 3.1 Zentralstelle zur Erfassung und Bewertung von Ersatz- und Ergaenzungsmethoden zum Tierversuch (ZEBET) -- 3.2 Reducing Animal Numbers in Regulatory Toxicity Testing -- 3.3 The Regulatory Acceptance of In Vitro Toxicity Tests Successfully Validated at ZEBET -- 3.4 The Funding of Research on In Vitro Toxicity Testing in Germany -- 3.5 ZEBET's Wider Activities -- 4. CONTRIBUTIONS FROM AUSTRIA -- 5. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 2.3 - Contributions to Alternatives From Italy and Spain -- 1. ACTIVITIES IN ITALY RELATED TO ALTERNATIVE METHODS -- 1.1 The Italian Association for In Vitro Toxicology -- 1.2 The Italian National Platform for Alternative Methods -- 1.3 The Italian National Reference Centre -- 1.4 The Three Rs Declaration of Bologna -- 2. ACTIVITIES IN SPAIN RELATED TO IN VITRO PHARMACOTOXICOLOGY -- 2.1 The ICLAS/CSIC Working Group on Complementary Methods -- 2.2 The Spanish Working Group on Alternative Methods -- 2.3 The 3ERRES Mailing List on Alternatives -- 2.4 Spanish Scientific Productivity Related to In Vivo and In Vitro Alternative Methods -- 2.5 The Inventory of the Spanish Institutions and Scientists Involved in Alternatives to the Use of Laboratory Animals -- 2.6 The Spanish Network for the Development of Alternative Methods -- REFERENCES -- 2.4 - Contributions to Alternatives From The Netherlands, Belgium and France -- 1. DEVELOPMENT OF ALTERNATIVES TO TOXICITY TESTING IN THE NETHERLANDS -- 1.1 Early Years -- 1.2 Recent Technological Developments -- 1.3 Organisational Frameworks -- 1.3.1 National Initiatives -- 1.3.2 International Initiatives -- 1.4 Implementation of Alternatives -- 1.5 Conclusions -- 2. DEVELOPMENT OF ALTERNATIVES TO TOXICITY TESTING IN BELGIUM -- 2.1 Early Years -- 2.2 More-recent Three Rs Developments in Belgium -- 3. DEVELOPMENT OF ALTERNATIVES TO TOXICITY TESTING IN FRANCE -- 3.1 Early Years. 3.2 Recent Technological Developments -- 3.3 Organisational Frameworks -- 3.4 Implementation of Alternatives -- 3.5 Conclusions -- REFERENCES -- 2.5 - Contributions of the Scandinavian Countries to the Development of Non-Animal Alternatives in Toxicology -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. THE DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF ALTERNATIVE IN VITRO METHODS -- 2.1 Cell Toxicology -- 2.2 Neurotoxicology -- 2.3 Ocular Toxicology -- 2.4 Tissue Modelling -- 2.5 Reproductive Toxicology -- 2.6 Toxicokinetics and Biotransformation Modelling -- 2.7 Genotoxicity and Carcinogenicity Testing In Vitro -- 2.8 Ecotoxicology -- 2.9 Skin Sensitisation -- 3. ALTERNATIVES IN INDUSTRY -- 4. FINANCING RESEARCH ON NON-ANIMAL ALTERNATIVES, 1980-2016 -- 5. RESEARCH CENTRES ESTABLISHED FOR THE DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF NON-ANIMAL METHODS -- 6. EDUCATION AND NON-ANIMAL METHODS -- 7. CONCLUDING COMMENTS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 2.6 - The Three Rs and Alternatives in the VisegrAd (V4) Countries -- 1. CENTRAL EUROPEAN COUNTRIES JOIN WESTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES IN THE EU -- 2. INITIAL THREE RS DEVELOPMENTS IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA -- 3. THREE RS ACTIVITIES IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC -- 3.1 The TEMPUS Joint European Project -- 3.2 World Congresses on Alternatives -- 3.3 Visit of Professor William Russell in 1997 -- 3.4 Alternatives Conference in Prague, 2001 -- 3.5 SSCT Meeting, 2009 -- 3.6 Major Collaborations -- 3.7 Government Organisations -- 3.8 The State Veterinary Administration -- 4. ACTIVITIES IN SLOVAKIA -- 4.1 Early Developments in Slovakia -- 4.2 The National Scientific Network on Alternative Methods -- 4.3 The Slovak Toxicology Society -- 4.4 Interdisciplinary Toxicology -- 4.5 The State Veterinary and Food Administration of the Slovak Republic -- 4.6 The Private Sector -- 4.7 International Collaboration -- 5. ACTIVITIES IN HUNGARY -- 5.1 Organisations -- 5.2 Governmental Institutions. 5.3 The Private Sector -- 5.4 International Collaborations -- 5.5 Journal -- 6. THREE RS DEVELOPMENTS IN POLAND -- 6.1 Animal Experimentation in Poland -- 6.2 The Promotion of Alternatives -- 6.3 International Scientific Collaboration -- 6.4 Concluding Comment -- REFERENCES -- 2.7 - Australia and New Zealand -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. THE 1989 AUSTRALIAN SENATE REPORT -- 3. LOCAL FACTORS -- 3.1 The Australian Anti-Venom Industry -- 3.2 Facial Eczema in Sheep -- 4. PARALYTIC SHELLFISH TOXIN -- 5. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING -- 6. COSMETICS TESTING -- 7. ORGANISATIONS -- 8. CURRENT REGULATORY INTEREST -- 9. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 2.8 - Japanese Contributions to the Development of Alternative Test Methods -- 1. THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR ALTERNATIVES TO ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS -- 1.1 JSAAE Activities -- 1.2 International Cooperation -- 1.3 What Is Next for the JSAAE? -- 2. THE BACKGROUND TO JACVAM -- 2.1 What Is JaCVAM's Role? -- 2.2 Regulatory Acceptance and Ongoing Studies -- REFERENCES -- 2.9 - Contributions to the Development of Alternatives in Toxicology in China and Brazil -- 1. INTRODUCTION: ALTERNATIVES IN CHINA AND BRAZIL -- 2. ALTERNATIVES IN CHINA -- 2.1 History of Animal Use Regulations in China -- 2.2 The Regulatory Framework in China -- 2.3 Movement Toward the Use and Validation of Alternative Methods in China -- 2.4 Support for, and Regulatory Implementation of, Alternatives Within China -- 2.5 Special Difficulties or Hurdles to Accepting and/or Using Alternative Methods -- 2.6 Future Outlook for Alternatives in China -- 3. ALTERNATIVES IN BRAZIL -- 3.1 History of Animal Use Regulations in Brazil -- 3.2 The Regulatory Framework in Brazil -- 3.3 Movement Toward the Use and Validation of Alternative Methods in Brazil -- 3.4 Support for, and Regulatory Implementation of, Alternatives Within Brazil. 3.5 Special Difficulties or Hurdles to Accepting and/or Using Alternative Methods -- 3.6 Future Outlook for Alternatives in Brazil -- REFERENCES -- 2.10 - The Role of ECVAM -- 1. THE EARLY YEARS OF ECVAM, 1991-2002 -- 1.1 Validation -- 1.2 Workshops and Task Forces -- 1.3 Biologicals -- 1.4 In-house Research -- 1.5 Collaboration in Education and Training -- 1.6 The ECVAM Scientific Information Service -- 1.7 Collaborations -- 1.8 Summary -- 2. THE EVOLUTION OF ECVAM AND ITS NETWORKS -- 3. ECVAM ACTIVITIES IN THE CONTEXT OF EU POLICY DRIVERS FOR ALTERNATIVES -- 3.1 EU Legislation on Cosmetic Products -- 3.2 The EU Chemicals Policy - REACH -- 3.3 Other EU Chemicals Policies Relevant to Alternatives -- 3.4 The European Citizens' Initiative `Stop Vivisection' -- 4. ECVAM'S CONTRIBUTIONS TO INTERNATIONAL HARMONISATION ACTIVITIES WITHIN THE OECD -- 4.1 OECD Projects of the TGs Programme Currently (Co-)led by ECVAM -- 4.2 Activities of ECVAM in the OECD Extended Advisory Group for Molecular Screening and Toxicogenomics -- 4.3 Activities of ECVAM in the OECD Working Party on Hazard Assessment -- 5. FUTURE OUTLOOK -- REFERENCES -- 2.11 - The Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing in the USA and Europe -- 1. CAAT‒USA -- 2. CAAT‒EUROPE -- 3. THE CAAT PROGRAMMES -- 3.1 The Grants Programme -- 3.2 The Avon Programme Project -- 3.3 The Communications Programme -- 3.4 Workshops and Technical Reports - The t4 Programme -- 3.5 Education Programmes -- 3.6 The Refinement Programme -- 3.7 US and EU Policy Programmes -- 4. FROM A SYMPOSIUM SERIES TO WORLD CONGRESSES -- 5. TOXICOLOGY TESTING IN THE 21ST CENTURY - THE HUMAN TOXOME PROJECT -- 6. THE EVIDENCE-BASED TOXICOLOGY COLLABORATION -- 7. THE GREEN TOXICOLOGY COLLABORATION -- 8. THE READ-ACROSS PRACTICE COLLABORATION -- 9. THE GOOD CELL CULTURE PRACTICE COLLABORATION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES. 2.12 - USA: ICCVAM and NICEATM. Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources. Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries. Alternative toxicity testing. Electronic books. Combes, Robert. Worth, Andrew. Print version: Balls, Michael The History of Alternative Test Methods in Toxicology San Diego : Elsevier Science & Technology,c2018 9780128136973 ProQuest (Firm) https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/oeawat/detail.action?docID=5561525 Click to View |
language |
English |
format |
eBook |
author |
Balls, Michael. |
spellingShingle |
Balls, Michael. The History of Alternative Test Methods in Toxicology. History of Toxicology and Environmental Health Series Front Cover -- The History of Alternative Test Methods in Toxicology -- The History of Alternative Test Methods in Toxicology -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Biographical Notes -- CO-EDITORS -- CO-AUTHORS -- Preface to the Series -- Preface for The History of Alternative Test Methods in Toxicology -- 1 - Setting the Scene -- 1.1 - The Introduction and Influence of the Concept of Humane Experimental Technique -- 1. INHUMANITY AND THE THREE RS CONCEPT -- 2. PROGRESS FOLLOWING THE PUBLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLES -- 3. ALTERNATIVES -- 4. PROGRESS IN THE 1980S -- 5. INTO THE 1990S -- REFERENCES -- 1.2 - Types of Toxicity and Applications of Toxicity Testing -- 1. THE NEED FOR TESTING -- 2. TYPES OF TOXICITY TEST -- 3. APPLICATIONS OF TOXICITY TESTING -- 4. RISK MANAGEMENT -- 5. THE REPLACEMENT OF ANIMAL TESTS -- 6. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 1.3 - The Key Technologies -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. TECHNOLOGY DRIVERS -- 2.1 Tissue Culture Systems -- 2.2 Reporter Gene Assays and Biosensors -- 2.3 Miniaturised and Large-Scale Culture Systems -- 2.4 Toxicogenomics and Proteomics -- 2.5 Other Enabling Technologies -- 3. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 2 - Contributions From Countries, Regions and Organisations -- 2.1 - Alternative Methods in Toxicity Testing in the UK -- 1. EARLY DAYS -- 2. THE FUND FOR THE REPLACEMENT OF ANIMALS IN MEDICAL EXPERIMENTS -- 3. THE NATIONAL CENTRE FOR THE THREE RS -- 4. OTHER ORGANISATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 2.2 - Contributions From the German-Speaking Countries -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. CONTRIBUTIONS FROM SWITZERLAND -- 2.1 The Foundation Research 3R -- 2.2 The Swiss Institute for Alternatives to Animal Testing -- 2.3 The Fondation Egon Naef Pour la Recherche In Vitro -- 2.4 Swiss Governmental Agency Support for the Three Rs Concept -- 3. CONTRIBUTIONS FROM GERMANY. 3.1 Zentralstelle zur Erfassung und Bewertung von Ersatz- und Ergaenzungsmethoden zum Tierversuch (ZEBET) -- 3.2 Reducing Animal Numbers in Regulatory Toxicity Testing -- 3.3 The Regulatory Acceptance of In Vitro Toxicity Tests Successfully Validated at ZEBET -- 3.4 The Funding of Research on In Vitro Toxicity Testing in Germany -- 3.5 ZEBET's Wider Activities -- 4. CONTRIBUTIONS FROM AUSTRIA -- 5. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 2.3 - Contributions to Alternatives From Italy and Spain -- 1. ACTIVITIES IN ITALY RELATED TO ALTERNATIVE METHODS -- 1.1 The Italian Association for In Vitro Toxicology -- 1.2 The Italian National Platform for Alternative Methods -- 1.3 The Italian National Reference Centre -- 1.4 The Three Rs Declaration of Bologna -- 2. ACTIVITIES IN SPAIN RELATED TO IN VITRO PHARMACOTOXICOLOGY -- 2.1 The ICLAS/CSIC Working Group on Complementary Methods -- 2.2 The Spanish Working Group on Alternative Methods -- 2.3 The 3ERRES Mailing List on Alternatives -- 2.4 Spanish Scientific Productivity Related to In Vivo and In Vitro Alternative Methods -- 2.5 The Inventory of the Spanish Institutions and Scientists Involved in Alternatives to the Use of Laboratory Animals -- 2.6 The Spanish Network for the Development of Alternative Methods -- REFERENCES -- 2.4 - Contributions to Alternatives From The Netherlands, Belgium and France -- 1. DEVELOPMENT OF ALTERNATIVES TO TOXICITY TESTING IN THE NETHERLANDS -- 1.1 Early Years -- 1.2 Recent Technological Developments -- 1.3 Organisational Frameworks -- 1.3.1 National Initiatives -- 1.3.2 International Initiatives -- 1.4 Implementation of Alternatives -- 1.5 Conclusions -- 2. DEVELOPMENT OF ALTERNATIVES TO TOXICITY TESTING IN BELGIUM -- 2.1 Early Years -- 2.2 More-recent Three Rs Developments in Belgium -- 3. DEVELOPMENT OF ALTERNATIVES TO TOXICITY TESTING IN FRANCE -- 3.1 Early Years. 3.2 Recent Technological Developments -- 3.3 Organisational Frameworks -- 3.4 Implementation of Alternatives -- 3.5 Conclusions -- REFERENCES -- 2.5 - Contributions of the Scandinavian Countries to the Development of Non-Animal Alternatives in Toxicology -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. THE DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF ALTERNATIVE IN VITRO METHODS -- 2.1 Cell Toxicology -- 2.2 Neurotoxicology -- 2.3 Ocular Toxicology -- 2.4 Tissue Modelling -- 2.5 Reproductive Toxicology -- 2.6 Toxicokinetics and Biotransformation Modelling -- 2.7 Genotoxicity and Carcinogenicity Testing In Vitro -- 2.8 Ecotoxicology -- 2.9 Skin Sensitisation -- 3. ALTERNATIVES IN INDUSTRY -- 4. FINANCING RESEARCH ON NON-ANIMAL ALTERNATIVES, 1980-2016 -- 5. RESEARCH CENTRES ESTABLISHED FOR THE DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF NON-ANIMAL METHODS -- 6. EDUCATION AND NON-ANIMAL METHODS -- 7. CONCLUDING COMMENTS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 2.6 - The Three Rs and Alternatives in the VisegrAd (V4) Countries -- 1. CENTRAL EUROPEAN COUNTRIES JOIN WESTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES IN THE EU -- 2. INITIAL THREE RS DEVELOPMENTS IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA -- 3. THREE RS ACTIVITIES IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC -- 3.1 The TEMPUS Joint European Project -- 3.2 World Congresses on Alternatives -- 3.3 Visit of Professor William Russell in 1997 -- 3.4 Alternatives Conference in Prague, 2001 -- 3.5 SSCT Meeting, 2009 -- 3.6 Major Collaborations -- 3.7 Government Organisations -- 3.8 The State Veterinary Administration -- 4. ACTIVITIES IN SLOVAKIA -- 4.1 Early Developments in Slovakia -- 4.2 The National Scientific Network on Alternative Methods -- 4.3 The Slovak Toxicology Society -- 4.4 Interdisciplinary Toxicology -- 4.5 The State Veterinary and Food Administration of the Slovak Republic -- 4.6 The Private Sector -- 4.7 International Collaboration -- 5. ACTIVITIES IN HUNGARY -- 5.1 Organisations -- 5.2 Governmental Institutions. 5.3 The Private Sector -- 5.4 International Collaborations -- 5.5 Journal -- 6. THREE RS DEVELOPMENTS IN POLAND -- 6.1 Animal Experimentation in Poland -- 6.2 The Promotion of Alternatives -- 6.3 International Scientific Collaboration -- 6.4 Concluding Comment -- REFERENCES -- 2.7 - Australia and New Zealand -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. THE 1989 AUSTRALIAN SENATE REPORT -- 3. LOCAL FACTORS -- 3.1 The Australian Anti-Venom Industry -- 3.2 Facial Eczema in Sheep -- 4. PARALYTIC SHELLFISH TOXIN -- 5. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING -- 6. COSMETICS TESTING -- 7. ORGANISATIONS -- 8. CURRENT REGULATORY INTEREST -- 9. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 2.8 - Japanese Contributions to the Development of Alternative Test Methods -- 1. THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR ALTERNATIVES TO ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS -- 1.1 JSAAE Activities -- 1.2 International Cooperation -- 1.3 What Is Next for the JSAAE? -- 2. THE BACKGROUND TO JACVAM -- 2.1 What Is JaCVAM's Role? -- 2.2 Regulatory Acceptance and Ongoing Studies -- REFERENCES -- 2.9 - Contributions to the Development of Alternatives in Toxicology in China and Brazil -- 1. INTRODUCTION: ALTERNATIVES IN CHINA AND BRAZIL -- 2. ALTERNATIVES IN CHINA -- 2.1 History of Animal Use Regulations in China -- 2.2 The Regulatory Framework in China -- 2.3 Movement Toward the Use and Validation of Alternative Methods in China -- 2.4 Support for, and Regulatory Implementation of, Alternatives Within China -- 2.5 Special Difficulties or Hurdles to Accepting and/or Using Alternative Methods -- 2.6 Future Outlook for Alternatives in China -- 3. ALTERNATIVES IN BRAZIL -- 3.1 History of Animal Use Regulations in Brazil -- 3.2 The Regulatory Framework in Brazil -- 3.3 Movement Toward the Use and Validation of Alternative Methods in Brazil -- 3.4 Support for, and Regulatory Implementation of, Alternatives Within Brazil. 3.5 Special Difficulties or Hurdles to Accepting and/or Using Alternative Methods -- 3.6 Future Outlook for Alternatives in Brazil -- REFERENCES -- 2.10 - The Role of ECVAM -- 1. THE EARLY YEARS OF ECVAM, 1991-2002 -- 1.1 Validation -- 1.2 Workshops and Task Forces -- 1.3 Biologicals -- 1.4 In-house Research -- 1.5 Collaboration in Education and Training -- 1.6 The ECVAM Scientific Information Service -- 1.7 Collaborations -- 1.8 Summary -- 2. THE EVOLUTION OF ECVAM AND ITS NETWORKS -- 3. ECVAM ACTIVITIES IN THE CONTEXT OF EU POLICY DRIVERS FOR ALTERNATIVES -- 3.1 EU Legislation on Cosmetic Products -- 3.2 The EU Chemicals Policy - REACH -- 3.3 Other EU Chemicals Policies Relevant to Alternatives -- 3.4 The European Citizens' Initiative `Stop Vivisection' -- 4. ECVAM'S CONTRIBUTIONS TO INTERNATIONAL HARMONISATION ACTIVITIES WITHIN THE OECD -- 4.1 OECD Projects of the TGs Programme Currently (Co-)led by ECVAM -- 4.2 Activities of ECVAM in the OECD Extended Advisory Group for Molecular Screening and Toxicogenomics -- 4.3 Activities of ECVAM in the OECD Working Party on Hazard Assessment -- 5. FUTURE OUTLOOK -- REFERENCES -- 2.11 - The Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing in the USA and Europe -- 1. CAAT‒USA -- 2. CAAT‒EUROPE -- 3. THE CAAT PROGRAMMES -- 3.1 The Grants Programme -- 3.2 The Avon Programme Project -- 3.3 The Communications Programme -- 3.4 Workshops and Technical Reports - The t4 Programme -- 3.5 Education Programmes -- 3.6 The Refinement Programme -- 3.7 US and EU Policy Programmes -- 4. FROM A SYMPOSIUM SERIES TO WORLD CONGRESSES -- 5. TOXICOLOGY TESTING IN THE 21ST CENTURY - THE HUMAN TOXOME PROJECT -- 6. THE EVIDENCE-BASED TOXICOLOGY COLLABORATION -- 7. THE GREEN TOXICOLOGY COLLABORATION -- 8. THE READ-ACROSS PRACTICE COLLABORATION -- 9. THE GOOD CELL CULTURE PRACTICE COLLABORATION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES. 2.12 - USA: ICCVAM and NICEATM. |
author_facet |
Balls, Michael. Combes, Robert. Worth, Andrew. |
author_variant |
m b mb |
author2 |
Combes, Robert. Worth, Andrew. |
author2_variant |
r c rc a w aw |
author2_role |
TeilnehmendeR TeilnehmendeR |
author_sort |
Balls, Michael. |
title |
The History of Alternative Test Methods in Toxicology. |
title_full |
The History of Alternative Test Methods in Toxicology. |
title_fullStr |
The History of Alternative Test Methods in Toxicology. |
title_full_unstemmed |
The History of Alternative Test Methods in Toxicology. |
title_auth |
The History of Alternative Test Methods in Toxicology. |
title_new |
The History of Alternative Test Methods in Toxicology. |
title_sort |
the history of alternative test methods in toxicology. |
series |
History of Toxicology and Environmental Health Series |
series2 |
History of Toxicology and Environmental Health Series |
publisher |
Elsevier Science & Technology, |
publishDate |
2018 |
physical |
1 online resource (384 pages) |
edition |
1st ed. |
contents |
Front Cover -- The History of Alternative Test Methods in Toxicology -- The History of Alternative Test Methods in Toxicology -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Biographical Notes -- CO-EDITORS -- CO-AUTHORS -- Preface to the Series -- Preface for The History of Alternative Test Methods in Toxicology -- 1 - Setting the Scene -- 1.1 - The Introduction and Influence of the Concept of Humane Experimental Technique -- 1. INHUMANITY AND THE THREE RS CONCEPT -- 2. PROGRESS FOLLOWING THE PUBLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLES -- 3. ALTERNATIVES -- 4. PROGRESS IN THE 1980S -- 5. INTO THE 1990S -- REFERENCES -- 1.2 - Types of Toxicity and Applications of Toxicity Testing -- 1. THE NEED FOR TESTING -- 2. TYPES OF TOXICITY TEST -- 3. APPLICATIONS OF TOXICITY TESTING -- 4. RISK MANAGEMENT -- 5. THE REPLACEMENT OF ANIMAL TESTS -- 6. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 1.3 - The Key Technologies -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. TECHNOLOGY DRIVERS -- 2.1 Tissue Culture Systems -- 2.2 Reporter Gene Assays and Biosensors -- 2.3 Miniaturised and Large-Scale Culture Systems -- 2.4 Toxicogenomics and Proteomics -- 2.5 Other Enabling Technologies -- 3. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 2 - Contributions From Countries, Regions and Organisations -- 2.1 - Alternative Methods in Toxicity Testing in the UK -- 1. EARLY DAYS -- 2. THE FUND FOR THE REPLACEMENT OF ANIMALS IN MEDICAL EXPERIMENTS -- 3. THE NATIONAL CENTRE FOR THE THREE RS -- 4. OTHER ORGANISATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 2.2 - Contributions From the German-Speaking Countries -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. CONTRIBUTIONS FROM SWITZERLAND -- 2.1 The Foundation Research 3R -- 2.2 The Swiss Institute for Alternatives to Animal Testing -- 2.3 The Fondation Egon Naef Pour la Recherche In Vitro -- 2.4 Swiss Governmental Agency Support for the Three Rs Concept -- 3. CONTRIBUTIONS FROM GERMANY. 3.1 Zentralstelle zur Erfassung und Bewertung von Ersatz- und Ergaenzungsmethoden zum Tierversuch (ZEBET) -- 3.2 Reducing Animal Numbers in Regulatory Toxicity Testing -- 3.3 The Regulatory Acceptance of In Vitro Toxicity Tests Successfully Validated at ZEBET -- 3.4 The Funding of Research on In Vitro Toxicity Testing in Germany -- 3.5 ZEBET's Wider Activities -- 4. CONTRIBUTIONS FROM AUSTRIA -- 5. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 2.3 - Contributions to Alternatives From Italy and Spain -- 1. ACTIVITIES IN ITALY RELATED TO ALTERNATIVE METHODS -- 1.1 The Italian Association for In Vitro Toxicology -- 1.2 The Italian National Platform for Alternative Methods -- 1.3 The Italian National Reference Centre -- 1.4 The Three Rs Declaration of Bologna -- 2. ACTIVITIES IN SPAIN RELATED TO IN VITRO PHARMACOTOXICOLOGY -- 2.1 The ICLAS/CSIC Working Group on Complementary Methods -- 2.2 The Spanish Working Group on Alternative Methods -- 2.3 The 3ERRES Mailing List on Alternatives -- 2.4 Spanish Scientific Productivity Related to In Vivo and In Vitro Alternative Methods -- 2.5 The Inventory of the Spanish Institutions and Scientists Involved in Alternatives to the Use of Laboratory Animals -- 2.6 The Spanish Network for the Development of Alternative Methods -- REFERENCES -- 2.4 - Contributions to Alternatives From The Netherlands, Belgium and France -- 1. DEVELOPMENT OF ALTERNATIVES TO TOXICITY TESTING IN THE NETHERLANDS -- 1.1 Early Years -- 1.2 Recent Technological Developments -- 1.3 Organisational Frameworks -- 1.3.1 National Initiatives -- 1.3.2 International Initiatives -- 1.4 Implementation of Alternatives -- 1.5 Conclusions -- 2. DEVELOPMENT OF ALTERNATIVES TO TOXICITY TESTING IN BELGIUM -- 2.1 Early Years -- 2.2 More-recent Three Rs Developments in Belgium -- 3. DEVELOPMENT OF ALTERNATIVES TO TOXICITY TESTING IN FRANCE -- 3.1 Early Years. 3.2 Recent Technological Developments -- 3.3 Organisational Frameworks -- 3.4 Implementation of Alternatives -- 3.5 Conclusions -- REFERENCES -- 2.5 - Contributions of the Scandinavian Countries to the Development of Non-Animal Alternatives in Toxicology -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. THE DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF ALTERNATIVE IN VITRO METHODS -- 2.1 Cell Toxicology -- 2.2 Neurotoxicology -- 2.3 Ocular Toxicology -- 2.4 Tissue Modelling -- 2.5 Reproductive Toxicology -- 2.6 Toxicokinetics and Biotransformation Modelling -- 2.7 Genotoxicity and Carcinogenicity Testing In Vitro -- 2.8 Ecotoxicology -- 2.9 Skin Sensitisation -- 3. ALTERNATIVES IN INDUSTRY -- 4. FINANCING RESEARCH ON NON-ANIMAL ALTERNATIVES, 1980-2016 -- 5. RESEARCH CENTRES ESTABLISHED FOR THE DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF NON-ANIMAL METHODS -- 6. EDUCATION AND NON-ANIMAL METHODS -- 7. CONCLUDING COMMENTS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 2.6 - The Three Rs and Alternatives in the VisegrAd (V4) Countries -- 1. CENTRAL EUROPEAN COUNTRIES JOIN WESTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES IN THE EU -- 2. INITIAL THREE RS DEVELOPMENTS IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA -- 3. THREE RS ACTIVITIES IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC -- 3.1 The TEMPUS Joint European Project -- 3.2 World Congresses on Alternatives -- 3.3 Visit of Professor William Russell in 1997 -- 3.4 Alternatives Conference in Prague, 2001 -- 3.5 SSCT Meeting, 2009 -- 3.6 Major Collaborations -- 3.7 Government Organisations -- 3.8 The State Veterinary Administration -- 4. ACTIVITIES IN SLOVAKIA -- 4.1 Early Developments in Slovakia -- 4.2 The National Scientific Network on Alternative Methods -- 4.3 The Slovak Toxicology Society -- 4.4 Interdisciplinary Toxicology -- 4.5 The State Veterinary and Food Administration of the Slovak Republic -- 4.6 The Private Sector -- 4.7 International Collaboration -- 5. ACTIVITIES IN HUNGARY -- 5.1 Organisations -- 5.2 Governmental Institutions. 5.3 The Private Sector -- 5.4 International Collaborations -- 5.5 Journal -- 6. THREE RS DEVELOPMENTS IN POLAND -- 6.1 Animal Experimentation in Poland -- 6.2 The Promotion of Alternatives -- 6.3 International Scientific Collaboration -- 6.4 Concluding Comment -- REFERENCES -- 2.7 - Australia and New Zealand -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. THE 1989 AUSTRALIAN SENATE REPORT -- 3. LOCAL FACTORS -- 3.1 The Australian Anti-Venom Industry -- 3.2 Facial Eczema in Sheep -- 4. PARALYTIC SHELLFISH TOXIN -- 5. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING -- 6. COSMETICS TESTING -- 7. ORGANISATIONS -- 8. CURRENT REGULATORY INTEREST -- 9. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 2.8 - Japanese Contributions to the Development of Alternative Test Methods -- 1. THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR ALTERNATIVES TO ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS -- 1.1 JSAAE Activities -- 1.2 International Cooperation -- 1.3 What Is Next for the JSAAE? -- 2. THE BACKGROUND TO JACVAM -- 2.1 What Is JaCVAM's Role? -- 2.2 Regulatory Acceptance and Ongoing Studies -- REFERENCES -- 2.9 - Contributions to the Development of Alternatives in Toxicology in China and Brazil -- 1. INTRODUCTION: ALTERNATIVES IN CHINA AND BRAZIL -- 2. ALTERNATIVES IN CHINA -- 2.1 History of Animal Use Regulations in China -- 2.2 The Regulatory Framework in China -- 2.3 Movement Toward the Use and Validation of Alternative Methods in China -- 2.4 Support for, and Regulatory Implementation of, Alternatives Within China -- 2.5 Special Difficulties or Hurdles to Accepting and/or Using Alternative Methods -- 2.6 Future Outlook for Alternatives in China -- 3. ALTERNATIVES IN BRAZIL -- 3.1 History of Animal Use Regulations in Brazil -- 3.2 The Regulatory Framework in Brazil -- 3.3 Movement Toward the Use and Validation of Alternative Methods in Brazil -- 3.4 Support for, and Regulatory Implementation of, Alternatives Within Brazil. 3.5 Special Difficulties or Hurdles to Accepting and/or Using Alternative Methods -- 3.6 Future Outlook for Alternatives in Brazil -- REFERENCES -- 2.10 - The Role of ECVAM -- 1. THE EARLY YEARS OF ECVAM, 1991-2002 -- 1.1 Validation -- 1.2 Workshops and Task Forces -- 1.3 Biologicals -- 1.4 In-house Research -- 1.5 Collaboration in Education and Training -- 1.6 The ECVAM Scientific Information Service -- 1.7 Collaborations -- 1.8 Summary -- 2. THE EVOLUTION OF ECVAM AND ITS NETWORKS -- 3. ECVAM ACTIVITIES IN THE CONTEXT OF EU POLICY DRIVERS FOR ALTERNATIVES -- 3.1 EU Legislation on Cosmetic Products -- 3.2 The EU Chemicals Policy - REACH -- 3.3 Other EU Chemicals Policies Relevant to Alternatives -- 3.4 The European Citizens' Initiative `Stop Vivisection' -- 4. ECVAM'S CONTRIBUTIONS TO INTERNATIONAL HARMONISATION ACTIVITIES WITHIN THE OECD -- 4.1 OECD Projects of the TGs Programme Currently (Co-)led by ECVAM -- 4.2 Activities of ECVAM in the OECD Extended Advisory Group for Molecular Screening and Toxicogenomics -- 4.3 Activities of ECVAM in the OECD Working Party on Hazard Assessment -- 5. FUTURE OUTLOOK -- REFERENCES -- 2.11 - The Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing in the USA and Europe -- 1. CAAT‒USA -- 2. CAAT‒EUROPE -- 3. THE CAAT PROGRAMMES -- 3.1 The Grants Programme -- 3.2 The Avon Programme Project -- 3.3 The Communications Programme -- 3.4 Workshops and Technical Reports - The t4 Programme -- 3.5 Education Programmes -- 3.6 The Refinement Programme -- 3.7 US and EU Policy Programmes -- 4. FROM A SYMPOSIUM SERIES TO WORLD CONGRESSES -- 5. TOXICOLOGY TESTING IN THE 21ST CENTURY - THE HUMAN TOXOME PROJECT -- 6. THE EVIDENCE-BASED TOXICOLOGY COLLABORATION -- 7. THE GREEN TOXICOLOGY COLLABORATION -- 8. THE READ-ACROSS PRACTICE COLLABORATION -- 9. THE GOOD CELL CULTURE PRACTICE COLLABORATION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES. 2.12 - USA: ICCVAM and NICEATM. |
isbn |
9780128136980 9780128136973 |
callnumber-first |
R - Medicine |
callnumber-subject |
RA - Public Medicine |
callnumber-label |
RA1199 |
callnumber-sort |
RA 41199.4 A46 H578 42019 |
genre |
Electronic books. |
genre_facet |
Electronic books. |
url |
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/oeawat/detail.action?docID=5561525 |
illustrated |
Not Illustrated |
dewey-hundreds |
600 - Technology |
dewey-tens |
610 - Medicine & health |
dewey-ones |
615 - Pharmacology & therapeutics |
dewey-full |
615.907 |
dewey-sort |
3615.907 |
dewey-raw |
615.907 |
dewey-search |
615.907 |
oclc_num |
1061127152 |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT ballsmichael thehistoryofalternativetestmethodsintoxicology AT combesrobert thehistoryofalternativetestmethodsintoxicology AT worthandrew thehistoryofalternativetestmethodsintoxicology AT ballsmichael historyofalternativetestmethodsintoxicology AT combesrobert historyofalternativetestmethodsintoxicology AT worthandrew historyofalternativetestmethodsintoxicology |
status_str |
n |
ids_txt_mv |
(MiAaPQ)5005561525 (Au-PeEL)EBL5561525 (CaPaEBR)ebr11626540 (OCoLC)1061127152 |
carrierType_str_mv |
cr |
hierarchy_parent_title |
History of Toxicology and Environmental Health Series |
is_hierarchy_title |
The History of Alternative Test Methods in Toxicology. |
container_title |
History of Toxicology and Environmental Health Series |
author2_original_writing_str_mv |
noLinkedField noLinkedField |
marc_error |
Info : MARC8 translation shorter than ISO-8859-1, choosing MARC8. --- [ 856 : z ] |
_version_ |
1792331055355658240 |
fullrecord |
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>11232nam a22005173i 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">5005561525</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">MiAaPQ</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20240229073831.0</controlfield><controlfield tag="006">m o d | </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">cr cnu||||||||</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">240229s2018 xx o ||||0 eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9780128136980</subfield><subfield code="q">(electronic bk.)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="z">9780128136973</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(MiAaPQ)5005561525</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(Au-PeEL)EBL5561525</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(CaPaEBR)ebr11626540</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)1061127152</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">MiAaPQ</subfield><subfield code="b">eng</subfield><subfield code="e">rda</subfield><subfield code="e">pn</subfield><subfield code="c">MiAaPQ</subfield><subfield code="d">MiAaPQ</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="050" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">RA1199.4.A46 .H578 2019</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="082" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">615.907</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Balls, Michael.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="4"><subfield code="a">The History of Alternative Test Methods in Toxicology.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="250" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">1st ed.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">San Diego :</subfield><subfield code="b">Elsevier Science & Technology,</subfield><subfield code="c">2018.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="c">©2019.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">1 online resource (384 pages)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">text</subfield><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">computer</subfield><subfield code="b">c</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">online resource</subfield><subfield code="b">cr</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="490" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">History of Toxicology and Environmental Health Series</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Front Cover -- The History of Alternative Test Methods in Toxicology -- The History of Alternative Test Methods in Toxicology -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Biographical Notes -- CO-EDITORS -- CO-AUTHORS -- Preface to the Series -- Preface for The History of Alternative Test Methods in Toxicology -- 1 - Setting the Scene -- 1.1 - The Introduction and Influence of the Concept of Humane Experimental Technique -- 1. INHUMANITY AND THE THREE RS CONCEPT -- 2. PROGRESS FOLLOWING THE PUBLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLES -- 3. ALTERNATIVES -- 4. PROGRESS IN THE 1980S -- 5. INTO THE 1990S -- REFERENCES -- 1.2 - Types of Toxicity and Applications of Toxicity Testing -- 1. THE NEED FOR TESTING -- 2. TYPES OF TOXICITY TEST -- 3. APPLICATIONS OF TOXICITY TESTING -- 4. RISK MANAGEMENT -- 5. THE REPLACEMENT OF ANIMAL TESTS -- 6. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 1.3 - The Key Technologies -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. TECHNOLOGY DRIVERS -- 2.1 Tissue Culture Systems -- 2.2 Reporter Gene Assays and Biosensors -- 2.3 Miniaturised and Large-Scale Culture Systems -- 2.4 Toxicogenomics and Proteomics -- 2.5 Other Enabling Technologies -- 3. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 2 - Contributions From Countries, Regions and Organisations -- 2.1 - Alternative Methods in Toxicity Testing in the UK -- 1. EARLY DAYS -- 2. THE FUND FOR THE REPLACEMENT OF ANIMALS IN MEDICAL EXPERIMENTS -- 3. THE NATIONAL CENTRE FOR THE THREE RS -- 4. OTHER ORGANISATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 2.2 - Contributions From the German-Speaking Countries -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. CONTRIBUTIONS FROM SWITZERLAND -- 2.1 The Foundation Research 3R -- 2.2 The Swiss Institute for Alternatives to Animal Testing -- 2.3 The Fondation Egon Naef Pour la Recherche In Vitro -- 2.4 Swiss Governmental Agency Support for the Three Rs Concept -- 3. CONTRIBUTIONS FROM GERMANY.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">3.1 Zentralstelle zur Erfassung und Bewertung von Ersatz- und Ergaenzungsmethoden zum Tierversuch (ZEBET) -- 3.2 Reducing Animal Numbers in Regulatory Toxicity Testing -- 3.3 The Regulatory Acceptance of In Vitro Toxicity Tests Successfully Validated at ZEBET -- 3.4 The Funding of Research on In Vitro Toxicity Testing in Germany -- 3.5 ZEBET's Wider Activities -- 4. CONTRIBUTIONS FROM AUSTRIA -- 5. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 2.3 - Contributions to Alternatives From Italy and Spain -- 1. ACTIVITIES IN ITALY RELATED TO ALTERNATIVE METHODS -- 1.1 The Italian Association for In Vitro Toxicology -- 1.2 The Italian National Platform for Alternative Methods -- 1.3 The Italian National Reference Centre -- 1.4 The Three Rs Declaration of Bologna -- 2. ACTIVITIES IN SPAIN RELATED TO IN VITRO PHARMACOTOXICOLOGY -- 2.1 The ICLAS/CSIC Working Group on Complementary Methods -- 2.2 The Spanish Working Group on Alternative Methods -- 2.3 The 3ERRES Mailing List on Alternatives -- 2.4 Spanish Scientific Productivity Related to In Vivo and In Vitro Alternative Methods -- 2.5 The Inventory of the Spanish Institutions and Scientists Involved in Alternatives to the Use of Laboratory Animals -- 2.6 The Spanish Network for the Development of Alternative Methods -- REFERENCES -- 2.4 - Contributions to Alternatives From The Netherlands, Belgium and France -- 1. DEVELOPMENT OF ALTERNATIVES TO TOXICITY TESTING IN THE NETHERLANDS -- 1.1 Early Years -- 1.2 Recent Technological Developments -- 1.3 Organisational Frameworks -- 1.3.1 National Initiatives -- 1.3.2 International Initiatives -- 1.4 Implementation of Alternatives -- 1.5 Conclusions -- 2. DEVELOPMENT OF ALTERNATIVES TO TOXICITY TESTING IN BELGIUM -- 2.1 Early Years -- 2.2 More-recent Three Rs Developments in Belgium -- 3. DEVELOPMENT OF ALTERNATIVES TO TOXICITY TESTING IN FRANCE -- 3.1 Early Years.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">3.2 Recent Technological Developments -- 3.3 Organisational Frameworks -- 3.4 Implementation of Alternatives -- 3.5 Conclusions -- REFERENCES -- 2.5 - Contributions of the Scandinavian Countries to the Development of Non-Animal Alternatives in Toxicology -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. THE DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF ALTERNATIVE IN VITRO METHODS -- 2.1 Cell Toxicology -- 2.2 Neurotoxicology -- 2.3 Ocular Toxicology -- 2.4 Tissue Modelling -- 2.5 Reproductive Toxicology -- 2.6 Toxicokinetics and Biotransformation Modelling -- 2.7 Genotoxicity and Carcinogenicity Testing In Vitro -- 2.8 Ecotoxicology -- 2.9 Skin Sensitisation -- 3. ALTERNATIVES IN INDUSTRY -- 4. FINANCING RESEARCH ON NON-ANIMAL ALTERNATIVES, 1980-2016 -- 5. RESEARCH CENTRES ESTABLISHED FOR THE DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF NON-ANIMAL METHODS -- 6. EDUCATION AND NON-ANIMAL METHODS -- 7. CONCLUDING COMMENTS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 2.6 - The Three Rs and Alternatives in the VisegrAd (V4) Countries -- 1. CENTRAL EUROPEAN COUNTRIES JOIN WESTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES IN THE EU -- 2. INITIAL THREE RS DEVELOPMENTS IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA -- 3. THREE RS ACTIVITIES IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC -- 3.1 The TEMPUS Joint European Project -- 3.2 World Congresses on Alternatives -- 3.3 Visit of Professor William Russell in 1997 -- 3.4 Alternatives Conference in Prague, 2001 -- 3.5 SSCT Meeting, 2009 -- 3.6 Major Collaborations -- 3.7 Government Organisations -- 3.8 The State Veterinary Administration -- 4. ACTIVITIES IN SLOVAKIA -- 4.1 Early Developments in Slovakia -- 4.2 The National Scientific Network on Alternative Methods -- 4.3 The Slovak Toxicology Society -- 4.4 Interdisciplinary Toxicology -- 4.5 The State Veterinary and Food Administration of the Slovak Republic -- 4.6 The Private Sector -- 4.7 International Collaboration -- 5. ACTIVITIES IN HUNGARY -- 5.1 Organisations -- 5.2 Governmental Institutions.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">5.3 The Private Sector -- 5.4 International Collaborations -- 5.5 Journal -- 6. THREE RS DEVELOPMENTS IN POLAND -- 6.1 Animal Experimentation in Poland -- 6.2 The Promotion of Alternatives -- 6.3 International Scientific Collaboration -- 6.4 Concluding Comment -- REFERENCES -- 2.7 - Australia and New Zealand -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. THE 1989 AUSTRALIAN SENATE REPORT -- 3. LOCAL FACTORS -- 3.1 The Australian Anti-Venom Industry -- 3.2 Facial Eczema in Sheep -- 4. PARALYTIC SHELLFISH TOXIN -- 5. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING -- 6. COSMETICS TESTING -- 7. ORGANISATIONS -- 8. CURRENT REGULATORY INTEREST -- 9. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 2.8 - Japanese Contributions to the Development of Alternative Test Methods -- 1. THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR ALTERNATIVES TO ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS -- 1.1 JSAAE Activities -- 1.2 International Cooperation -- 1.3 What Is Next for the JSAAE? -- 2. THE BACKGROUND TO JACVAM -- 2.1 What Is JaCVAM's Role? -- 2.2 Regulatory Acceptance and Ongoing Studies -- REFERENCES -- 2.9 - Contributions to the Development of Alternatives in Toxicology in China and Brazil -- 1. INTRODUCTION: ALTERNATIVES IN CHINA AND BRAZIL -- 2. ALTERNATIVES IN CHINA -- 2.1 History of Animal Use Regulations in China -- 2.2 The Regulatory Framework in China -- 2.3 Movement Toward the Use and Validation of Alternative Methods in China -- 2.4 Support for, and Regulatory Implementation of, Alternatives Within China -- 2.5 Special Difficulties or Hurdles to Accepting and/or Using Alternative Methods -- 2.6 Future Outlook for Alternatives in China -- 3. ALTERNATIVES IN BRAZIL -- 3.1 History of Animal Use Regulations in Brazil -- 3.2 The Regulatory Framework in Brazil -- 3.3 Movement Toward the Use and Validation of Alternative Methods in Brazil -- 3.4 Support for, and Regulatory Implementation of, Alternatives Within Brazil.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">3.5 Special Difficulties or Hurdles to Accepting and/or Using Alternative Methods -- 3.6 Future Outlook for Alternatives in Brazil -- REFERENCES -- 2.10 - The Role of ECVAM -- 1. THE EARLY YEARS OF ECVAM, 1991-2002 -- 1.1 Validation -- 1.2 Workshops and Task Forces -- 1.3 Biologicals -- 1.4 In-house Research -- 1.5 Collaboration in Education and Training -- 1.6 The ECVAM Scientific Information Service -- 1.7 Collaborations -- 1.8 Summary -- 2. THE EVOLUTION OF ECVAM AND ITS NETWORKS -- 3. ECVAM ACTIVITIES IN THE CONTEXT OF EU POLICY DRIVERS FOR ALTERNATIVES -- 3.1 EU Legislation on Cosmetic Products -- 3.2 The EU Chemicals Policy - REACH -- 3.3 Other EU Chemicals Policies Relevant to Alternatives -- 3.4 The European Citizens' Initiative `Stop Vivisection' -- 4. ECVAM'S CONTRIBUTIONS TO INTERNATIONAL HARMONISATION ACTIVITIES WITHIN THE OECD -- 4.1 OECD Projects of the TGs Programme Currently (Co-)led by ECVAM -- 4.2 Activities of ECVAM in the OECD Extended Advisory Group for Molecular Screening and Toxicogenomics -- 4.3 Activities of ECVAM in the OECD Working Party on Hazard Assessment -- 5. FUTURE OUTLOOK -- REFERENCES -- 2.11 - The Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing in the USA and Europe -- 1. CAAT‒USA -- 2. CAAT‒EUROPE -- 3. THE CAAT PROGRAMMES -- 3.1 The Grants Programme -- 3.2 The Avon Programme Project -- 3.3 The Communications Programme -- 3.4 Workshops and Technical Reports - The t4 Programme -- 3.5 Education Programmes -- 3.6 The Refinement Programme -- 3.7 US and EU Policy Programmes -- 4. FROM A SYMPOSIUM SERIES TO WORLD CONGRESSES -- 5. TOXICOLOGY TESTING IN THE 21ST CENTURY - THE HUMAN TOXOME PROJECT -- 6. THE EVIDENCE-BASED TOXICOLOGY COLLABORATION -- 7. THE GREEN TOXICOLOGY COLLABORATION -- 8. THE READ-ACROSS PRACTICE COLLABORATION -- 9. THE GOOD CELL CULTURE PRACTICE COLLABORATION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="505" ind1="8" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">2.12 - USA: ICCVAM and NICEATM.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="588" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="590" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2024. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries. </subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Alternative toxicity testing.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="655" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Electronic books.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Combes, Robert.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Worth, Andrew.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="776" ind1="0" ind2="8"><subfield code="i">Print version:</subfield><subfield code="a">Balls, Michael</subfield><subfield code="t">The History of Alternative Test Methods in Toxicology</subfield><subfield code="d">San Diego : Elsevier Science & Technology,c2018</subfield><subfield code="z">9780128136973</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="797" ind1="2" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">ProQuest (Firm)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="830" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">History of Toxicology and Environmental Health Series</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="0"><subfield code="u">https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/oeawat/detail.action?docID=5561525</subfield><subfield code="z">Click to View</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |