Housing Estates in Europe : : Poverty, Ethnic Segregation and Policy Challenges.

• Superior document: The Urban Book Series
• Author: Hess, Daniel Baldwin.
• TeilnehmendeR: Tammaru, Tiit.; van Ham, Maarten.
• Place / Publishing House: Cham : : Springer International Publishing AG,, 2018.; ©2018.
• Year of Publication: 2018
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Series: The Urban Book Series
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (429 pages)

Table of Contents

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- Introduction -- 1 Lessons Learned from a Pan-European Study of Large Housing Estates: Origin, Trajectories of Change and Future Prospects -- Abstract -- 1.1 Point of Departure for Scholarly Inquiry -- 1.2 Formation of Large Housing Estates in Europe -- 1.3 Large Housing Estates Defined -- 1.4 Key Findings -- 1.5 Takeaway Messages -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Thematic Lenses for Scholarly Inquiry -- 2 Beyond an Ugly Appearance: Understanding the Physical Design and Built Environment of Large Housing Estates -- Abstract -- 2.1 Large Housing Estates Are Intriguing -- 2.2 Reflections on Large Housing Estates -- 2.2.1 Features of Housing Estates -- 2.2.2 Defining Large Housing Estates and High Rises -- 2.3 The Roots of Large Housing Estates -- 2.3.1 Philanthropists Take Action -- 2.3.2 Governments at Last Got Involved -- 2.3.3 Healthy Garden Cities -- 2.3.4 Modern CIAM Architects -- 2.3.5 A Housing Estate as a Planned Neighbourhood -- 2.4 Glorious Estates -- 2.4.1 Mass Housing for Millions -- 2.4.2 Seven Motives for Building Large Housing Estates -- 2.5 Large Housing Estates: Similar Start, Divergent Outcomes -- 2.5.1 The High-Rise Wave -- 2.5.2 There Were Critics, but No One Listened -- 2.5.3 Different Outcomes -- 2.6 Sink Estates -- 2.6.1 All Areas Develop, but Some Areas Get Deprived -- 2.6.2 Cycles of Decline -- 2.6.3 Is It the Design? -- 2.6.4 At Least, Design Plays a Role -- 2.7 Urban Renewal Policies -- 2.7.1 Urban Renewal Policies -- 2.8 Renewing Large Housing Estates -- 2.8.1 Large Housing Estates: One Size Fits All -- 2.8.2 From One Size to More Flavours -- 2.8.3 Three Ingredients for an Integrated Approach -- 2.9 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Who Is to Blame for the Decline of Large Housing Estates? An Exploration of Socio-Demographic and Ethnic Change -- Abstract.

3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Initial Conditions -- 3.2.1 Poor Physical Design -- 3.2.2 Weaknesses in Urban Design and Inadequate Spatial Planning -- 3.2.3 Recruitment of Initial Residents -- 3.3 Relative Depreciation -- 3.3.1 Size of the Housing Stock -- 3.3.2 Characteristics of Local Housing Markets -- 3.3.3 Tenure -- 3.4 Management -- 3.4.1 Maintenance -- 3.4.2 Housing Allocation -- 3.5 Renewal -- 3.6 Macro Developments -- 3.6.1 Population Change -- 3.6.2 Declining Employment -- 3.7 Conclusion -- References -- Case Studies of Housing Estates in European Metropolitan Areas -- 4 Exceptional Social Housing in a Residual Welfare State: Housing Estates in Athens, Greece -- Abstract -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Periodisation of Policies, Priorities and Forces at Work -- 4.2.1 The 1920s and 1930s -- 4.2.2 From the 1950s to the Late 1970s -- 4.2.3 From the Early 1980s to the Present -- 4.3 Physical Form -- 4.4 Allocation Process and Tenure -- 4.5 Demographics and Social Profile -- 4.6 Ongoing Degradation and New Planning Initiatives -- 4.7 Conclusion: Current Challenges for Housing Estates -- References -- 5 Large Housing Estates of Berlin, Germany -- Abstract -- 5.1 The Formation of Large Housing Estates in Berlin -- 5.2 The Formation of Large Housing Estates in East Berlin -- 5.3 A Nation of Tenants -- 5.4 The Märkisches Viertel Estate in West Berlin -- 5.5 The Marzahn, Hellersdorf and Hohenschönhausen Estates in East Berlin -- 5.6 Large Estates and Market Liberalisation -- 5.7 Residential Change in Berlin's Housing Estates -- 5.8 Conclusion -- References -- 6 Decline and Response? Lifecycle Change and Housing Estates in Birmingham, England -- Abstract -- 6.1 Mass Housing in England -- 6.2 Birmingham -- 6.3 Estates at the Outset -- 6.4 Decline and Fall? -- 6.5 The Central Estates -- 6.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References.

7 Sprouted All Around: The Emergence and Evolution of Housing Estates in Brussels, Belgium -- Abstract -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Public Policies and Large Housing Estates: The Belgian Particularity -- 7.3 Large Housing Estates in Brussels -- 7.3.1 Definition and Selection of Large Housing Estates -- 7.3.2 The Configuration and Physical Aspects of Brussels' Large Housing Estates -- 7.4 Brussels' Large Housing Estates: Structures of Segregation? -- 7.4.1 Demographic and Socioeconomic Evolution of Large Housing Estates (1991-2011) -- 7.4.2 Large Housing Estates' Impact on Ethnic and Socioeconomic Segregation in Brussels -- 7.5 Challenges, Political Awareness and Public Intervention -- 7.5.1 Public Large Housing Estates -- 7.5.2 Private Large Housing Estates -- 7.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8 The Many (Still) Functional Housing Estates of Bucharest, Romania: A Viable Housing Provider in Europe's Densest Capital City -- Abstract -- 8.1 Introduction: A City With Many Housing Estates -- 8.2 Growth of Bucharest's Housing Estates in Four Periods -- 8.2.1 1945-1955: Introduction of High-Quality Small-Scale Housing Estates -- 8.2.2 1956-1977: Quality in Mass Housing -- 8.2.3 1977-1990: Austerity, Poorer Quality and Densification -- 8.2.4 After 1990: The End of Mass Housing, Further Densification and Gated Communities -- 8.3 Characteristics of Physical Layouts of Housing Estates: 'Surround,' 'Points,' 'Blades,' and 'Canyon' -- 8.4 Social Composition and Challenges Faced by Housing Estates -- 8.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 9 Persistence or Change: Divergent Trajectories of Large Housing Estates in Budapest, Hungary -- Abstract -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 The Evolution of Housing Estates in Hungary with Special Attention to Budapest -- 9.2.1 Housing Estates of the 1950s -- 9.2.2 Housing Estates of the 1960s.

9.2.3 Housing Estates of the 1970s -- 9.2.4 Housing Estates of the 1980s -- 9.3 Housing Estates in Hungary and Budapest -- 9.3.1 Distribution of Housing Estates at the National Level -- 9.3.2 Characteristics of Housing Estates in Budapest -- 9.4 Socio-economic Changes in Housing Estates in Budapest After 1990 -- 9.5 Post-socialist Transition and the Challenges of Large Housing Estates -- 9.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 10 Experience of a Preventive Experiment: Spatial Social Mixing in Post-World War II Housing Estates in Helsinki, Finland -- Abstract -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Planning and Construction -- 10.3 National Interpretations of Planning Ideologies -- 10.4 Socio-Economic and Demographic Change Since the Early 1990s -- 10.5 Local Social Life in Helsinki Housing Estates -- 10.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 11 The Diversity of Trajectories of Large Housing Estates in Madrid, Spain -- Abstract -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 1940-1990: Fifty Years Evolution in Urban Policy and Resident Populations in Madrid -- 11.3 Data and Methods -- 11.4 Types of Social Change in Large Housing Estates in Madrid (1991-2001) -- 11.5 Challenges and Political Response -- 11.6 Social Polarisation and Ethnic Diversity -- 11.7 Urban Policies -- 11.8 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 12 Social and Ethnic Transformation of Large Social Housing Estates in Milan, Italy: From Modernity to Marginalisation -- Abstract -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Genesis and Evolution of Large Housing Estates in Milan -- 12.3 Location and Diffusion of Large Housing Estates in Milan -- 12.4 Social and Ethnic Succession in Public Housing Estates -- 12.5 Physical Decay, Ageing and Social Segregation -- 12.6 Critical Points and New Challenges -- References -- 13 Path-Dependent Development of Mass Housing in Moscow, Russia -- Abstract.

13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Evolution of Mass Housing in Moscow During the 20th and 21st Centuries -- 13.3 Socio-spatial Stratification of Moscow -- 13.4 Demolition, Reconstruction and "Renovation" of Khrushchëvki Housing Estates -- 13.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- List of interviewees -- References -- 14 Impoverishment and Social Fragmentation in Housing Estates of the Paris Region, France -- Abstract -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Producing and Improving Housing Estates: State-Led Policy in a Regional Context -- 14.2.1 Suburban Housing Estates in the Paris Region: Population Growth and the Urban Renewal of Paris -- 14.2.2 From Housing Estates to Deprived Neighbourhoods: 40 Years of Urban Policy -- 14.3 Location, the Built Environment and Demographic Shifts in Housing Estates in the Paris Region -- 14.3.1 Housing Estate Locations Reflect a Historical Regional Divide -- 14.3.2 Internal Segmentation in Two 1960s Housing Estates: Orly and La Courneuve -- 14.4 Social Change: Increasing Social Gaps and Spatial Differentiation -- 14.4.1 A Growing Concentration of Large Families and Immigrants in Northeast and Peripheral Areas of Paris -- 14.4.2 Poverty Concentration Enhanced by Parallel Trajectories of Mobility and Long-term Tenancies -- 14.5 Spatial and Social Effects of Policies and Planning Strategies -- 14.5.1 Improvement of the Built Environment and the End of Housing Estates -- 14.5.2 The Paradoxical Effects of Urban Renewal -- 14.5.3 A Reconcentration of Relocated Households -- 14.5.4 New Housing Developments: Opportunities for Upper Working-class Residents -- 14.5.5 Impoverishment in La Courneuve, Urban and Social Fragmentation in Orly -- 14.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 15 Long-term Development and Current Socio-Spatial Differentiation of Housing Estates in Prague, Czechia -- Abstract -- 15.1 Introduction.

15.2 History of Housing Estates in Prague.