The Measurement and Monitoring of Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Affordability : : A Missing Element of Monitoring of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) Targets 6. 1 And 6. 2.

• Place / Publishing House: Geneva : : World Health Organization,, 2021.; Ã2021.
• Year of Publication: 2021
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (121 pages)

Table of Contents

• Intro
• Acknowledgements
• Foreword
• Summary
• Introduction
• Understanding affordability
• 2.1
• Previous approaches
• 2.2
• Developing the concept
• 2.3
• Threshold approach to make judgements on affordability
• Measuring affordability
• 3.1
• Approaches to measuring affordability
• 3.1.1
• How people behave ('revealed preference')
• 3.1.2
• What people say ('stated preference')
• 3.1.3
• How expenditure compares to an agreed benchmark ('expenditure threshold approach')
• 3.1.4
• Poverty status
• 3.1.5 What measures are in place to protect the poor and vulnerable ('response measures')
• 3.2
• Options for empirical assessment
• 3.2.1
• Expenditure threshold approach
• 3.2.2
• Revealed preferences
• 3.2.3
• Stated preferences
• 3.2.4
• Poverty status
• 3.2.5
• Response measures
• Data for monitoring affordability
• 4.1
• Nationally representative surveys
• 4.2
• Non-nationally representative surveys and studies
• 4.3
• Administrative data and policy surveys
• Comparative performance of approaches
• 5.1
• Criteria for assessment
• 5.2
• Expenditure threshold approach
• 5.3
• Revealed preferences
• 5.4
• Stated preferences
• 5.5
• Poverty status
• 5.6
• Enabling environment responses to affordability
• Conclusions and
• recommendations
• 6.1
• Global level
• monitoring
• 6.1.1
• Conclusions
• 6.1.2
• Recommendations
• 6.2
• National
• (and sub-national)
• level monitoring
• 6.2.1
• Conclusions
• 6.2.2
• Recommendations
• References
• Annex A: Affordability definitions for different basic needs
• Annex B: Findings from
• six country case studies
• B1.
• WASH coverage
• and expenditures
• B1.1
• Introduction
• B1.2
• Data availability
• B1.3
• Water access
• B1.4
• Linkages between reliability, resilience and affordability,
• B1.5
• Household monetary.
• expenditures on WASH
• B1.6
• Household time expenditures
• on water collection
• B2.
• WASH expenditure as a proportion of total expenditure
• B2.1
• Partial WASH operational expenditure as a proportion of total expenditure
• B2.2
• Required expenditure on WASH as a proportion of total household expenditure
• B2.3
• Recommendations for
• future analyses and data
• collection efforts
• B3.
• Household
• behaviours, WASH prices, consumption and choice
• B3.1
• The advantages of
• demand assessment
• B3.2
• Static assessments -
• consumption level
• B3.3
• Static assessments -
• household preferences
• and perceptions
• B3.4
• Dynamic assessments - revealed preferences and willingness to pay estimation
• B3.5
• Dynamic assessments - stated preferences and willingness to
• pay estimation
• B4.
• Comprehensive poverty assessments and implications for meeting other essential needs
• B4.1
• Indicator options and
• dimensions covered
• B4.2
• WASH coverage for
• poor and extreme poor
• B4.3
• Comparison of WASH
• costs for poor and non-poor
• B4.4
• WASH spending leads to
• reduced consumption of
• other essential goods
• B4.5
• Spending exceeds income, suggesting households are living beyond their means
• B5.
• Summary
• B6.
• References to
• Annex B
• Annex C. Protocol for data
• extraction
• C1.
• Introduction
• C2.
• Selecting and recoding
• WASH variables
• C3.
• A variable on
• WASH expenditure
• C4.
• Consumption expenditure by major categories and household characteristics32
• C5.
• WASH affordability indices formulas
• Annex D. Countries with income and expenditure surveys since 2014.