The Measurement and Monitoring of Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Affordability : : A Missing Element of Monitoring of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) Targets 6. 1 And 6. 2.

• Place / Publishing House: Geneva : : World Health Organization,, 2021.; Ã2021.
• Year of Publication: 2021
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (121 pages)

Table of Contents

Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Foreword -- Summary -- Introduction -- Understanding affordability -- 2.1 -- Previous approaches -- 2.2 -- Developing the concept -- 2.3 -- Threshold approach to make judgements on affordability -- Measuring affordability -- 3.1 -- Approaches to measuring affordability -- 3.1.1 -- How people behave ('revealed preference') -- 3.1.2 -- What people say ('stated preference') -- 3.1.3 -- How expenditure compares to an agreed benchmark ('expenditure threshold approach') -- 3.1.4 -- Poverty status -- 3.1.5 What measures are in place to protect the poor and vulnerable ('response measures') -- 3.2 -- Options for empirical assessment -- 3.2.1 -- Expenditure threshold approach -- 3.2.2 -- Revealed preferences -- 3.2.3 -- Stated preferences -- 3.2.4 -- Poverty status -- 3.2.5 -- Response measures -- Data for monitoring affordability -- 4.1 -- Nationally representative surveys -- 4.2 -- Non-nationally representative surveys and studies -- 4.3 -- Administrative data and policy surveys -- Comparative performance of approaches -- 5.1 -- Criteria for assessment -- 5.2 -- Expenditure threshold approach -- 5.3 -- Revealed preferences -- 5.4 -- Stated preferences -- 5.5 -- Poverty status -- 5.6 -- Enabling environment responses to affordability -- Conclusions and -- recommendations -- 6.1 -- Global level -- monitoring -- 6.1.1 -- Conclusions -- 6.1.2 -- Recommendations -- 6.2 -- National -- (and sub-national) -- level monitoring -- 6.2.1 -- Conclusions -- 6.2.2 -- Recommendations -- References -- Annex A: Affordability definitions for different basic needs -- Annex B: Findings from -- six country case studies -- B1. -- WASH coverage -- and expenditures -- B1.1 -- Introduction -- B1.2 -- Data availability -- B1.3 -- Water access -- B1.4 -- Linkages between reliability, resilience and affordability, -- B1.5 -- Household monetary.

expenditures on WASH -- B1.6 -- Household time expenditures -- on water collection -- B2. -- WASH expenditure as a proportion of total expenditure -- B2.1 -- Partial WASH operational expenditure as a proportion of total expenditure -- B2.2 -- Required expenditure on WASH as a proportion of total household expenditure -- B2.3 -- Recommendations for -- future analyses and data -- collection efforts -- B3. -- Household -- behaviours, WASH prices, consumption and choice -- B3.1 -- The advantages of -- demand assessment -- B3.2 -- Static assessments - -- consumption level -- B3.3 -- Static assessments - -- household preferences -- and perceptions -- B3.4 -- Dynamic assessments - revealed preferences and willingness to pay estimation -- B3.5 -- Dynamic assessments - stated preferences and willingness to -- pay estimation -- B4. -- Comprehensive poverty assessments and implications for meeting other essential needs -- B4.1 -- Indicator options and -- dimensions covered -- B4.2 -- WASH coverage for -- poor and extreme poor -- B4.3 -- Comparison of WASH -- costs for poor and non-poor -- B4.4 -- WASH spending leads to -- reduced consumption of -- other essential goods -- B4.5 -- Spending exceeds income, suggesting households are living beyond their means -- B5. -- Summary -- B6. -- References to -- Annex B -- Annex C. Protocol for data -- extraction -- C1. -- Introduction -- C2. -- Selecting and recoding -- WASH variables -- C3. -- A variable on -- WASH expenditure -- C4. -- Consumption expenditure by major categories and household characteristics32 -- C5. -- WASH affordability indices formulas -- Annex D. Countries with income and expenditure surveys since 2014.