Forest Entomology and Pathology : : Volume 1: Entomology.

• Author: D. Allison, Jeremy.
• TeilnehmendeR: Paine, Timothy D.; Slippers, Bernard.; Wingfield, Michael J.
• Place / Publishing House: Cham : : Springer International Publishing AG,, 2023.; ©2023.
• Year of Publication: 2023
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (810 pages)

Table of Contents

• Intro
• Preface
• Contents
• Contributors
• 1 Introduction to and Importance of Insects
• 1.1 Introduction
• 1.2 What Is an Insect?
• 1.3 The Importance of Insects
• 1.3.1 Decomposition, Nutrient Recycling, and Soil Formation
• 1.3.2 Ecological Roles and Interactions
• 1.3.3 Insect Decline
• 1.4 Summary
• References
• 2 Form and Function
• 2.1 Insect Development
• 2.1.1 Eggs
• 2.1.2 Viviparity
• 2.1.3 Post-embryonic Development and Larval Morphology
• 2.1.4 Molting and Metamorphosis
• 2.2 Sensory Perception
• 2.3 Food Acquisition, Consumption and Utilization
• 2.4 Nervous System
• 2.5 Epidermis and Cuticle
• 2.6 Neuroendocrine System
• 2.7 Circulation and Immunity
• 2.8 Respiration and Gas Exchange
• 2.9 Locomotion
• 2.10 Excretion and Osmoregulation Systems
• 2.11 Reproduction
• 2.12 Conclusions
• References
• 3 Forest Arthropod Diversity
• 3.1 Introduction
• 3.1.1 Plant-Insect Coevolution as a Driver for Diversification
• 3.1.2 Wood as a Distinctive Forest Attribute and a Powerful Driver for Diversification
• 3.1.3 Latitudinal Gradient of Arthropod Diversity
• 3.2 Feeding Guilds of Arthropods Living in Forests
• 3.2.1 Phytophagous Arthropods
• 3.2.2 Zoophagous Arthropods
• 3.2.3 Saprophagous Arthropods
• 3.3 Functional Roles and Ecosystem Services
• 3.3.1 Regulating Primary Production
• 3.3.2 Decomposition and Nutrient Cycling
• 3.3.3 Seed Dispersal
• 3.3.4 Pollination
• 3.3.5 Top-Down Regulation of Phytophagous Arthropods
• 3.3.6 Food Provisioning and Medicines
• 3.4 Effects of Natural Disturbances on Forest Arthropods
• 3.4.1 Abiotic Disturbances
• 3.4.2 Biotic Disturbances
• 3.5 Effects of Forest Logging on Arthropods
• 3.5.1 Clear-Cuts
• 3.5.2 Salvage Logging
• 3.5.3 Partial Cuts
• 3.6 Conservation and Management
• 3.6.1 Protected Areas
• 3.6.2 Ecosystem-Based Forest Management.
• 3.6.3 Restoration
• 3.7 New Challenges
• References
• 4 Insect Ecology
• 4.1 Introduction
• 4.2 Insects Assume Many Roles in Forests
• 4.3 Species Interact in Many Ways
• 4.4 Life Histories Vary
• 4.4.1 K- and r-Selection: Forces in the Environment Dictate Reproductive Adaptations
• 4.4.2 Some Insects Specialize by Feeding on Trees in a Particular Condition
• 4.5 Abiotic Conditions Alter Insect Growth and Survival
• 4.5.1 Temperature Affects Behavior and Development
• 4.5.2 Precipitation Indirectly Affects Insects by Its Impacts on Trees
• 4.5.3 Extreme Weather Can Have Indirect Effects Through Trees
• 4.5.4 Climate and Weather Patterns Affect Population Density of Insects Regionally
• 4.6 Insect Population Growth Is a Function of Births, Deaths, and Movement
• 4.6.1 The Environment Can Support a Finite Number of Insects
• 4.6.2 Births
• 4.6.3 Deaths
• 4.6.4 Movement
• 4.6.5 A Tool to Measure Population Growth and Regulation
• 4.7 How Global Change Affects Insects in Forest Ecosystems
• References
• 5 Forest Insect Population Dynamics
• 5.1 Introduction
• 5.1.1 Forest Insects on Plantation Trees and on Evolutionarily Naïve Hosts
• 5.1.2 Outbreak Dynamics as an Emergent Property of Insect-Host-Natural Enemy Interactions
• 5.1.3 Introduction to Population Dynamics
• 5.2 Drivers of Population Volatility
• 5.2.1 Variation in the Intrinsic Growth Rate of Populations
• 5.2.2 Lagged Endogenous Feedbacks
• 5.2.3 Scramble Competition
• 5.3 Broad Patterns and Real-World Examples
• 5.3.1 Cyclical Dynamics
• 5.3.2 The Larch Budmoth in the European Alps
• 5.3.3 Tree-Killing Bark Beetles
• 5.3.4 Insect Population Dynamics in Managed Systems
• 5.4 Conclusion
• References
• 6 Forest Insect-Natural Enemy Interactions
• 6.1 Introduction
• 6.2 Natural Enemies
• 6.2.1 Predators
• 6.2.2 Parasitoids.
• 6.2.3 Nematodes and Pathogens
• 6.3 Food Webs
• 6.4 The Forest Environment and Natural Enemies
• 6.5 Predator-Prey Relationships
• 6.5.1 Prey Finding
• 6.5.2 Prey Exploitation and the Components of Predation
• 6.6 Biological Control
• 6.6.1 Definition
• 6.6.2 Inoculative Biological Control
• 6.6.3 Inundative Biological Control
• 6.6.4 Conservation Biological Control
• 6.6.5 Classical Biological Control
• 6.7 Synthesis and Perspectives
• References
• 7 Forest Insect-Plant Interactions
• 7.1 The Ecology of Insect-Plant Interactions in Forests
• 7.2 The Plant Side-Tree Defenses Against Insects
• 7.2.1 Plant Defense Hypotheses
• 7.2.2 Defense, Resistance, Tolerance
• 7.2.3 Mode of Action: Chemical and Physical Defenses in Trees
• 7.2.4 Temporal Sequence: Constitutive, Induced and Primed Defenses in Trees
• 7.2.5 Effective Dose: Qualitative and Quantitative Defenses in Trees
• 7.2.6 Ecological Function: Direct and Indirect Defenses in Trees and Tri-Trophic Interactions
• 7.3 The Insect Side-How Insects Cope with Tree Defenses
• 7.3.1 A Note on Generalist and Specialist Insect Herbivores
• 7.3.2 Insect Feeding Guilds and Their Interaction with Tree Defenses
• 7.3.3 Insect Strategies to Cope with Tree Defenses
• 7.3.4 The Role of Symbiotic Microorganisms in Insect-Tree Interactions
• 7.4 Case Studies: Major Forest Pest Issues Worldwide
• 7.4.1 Native Pests Living on Co-Evolved Host Trees
• 7.4.2 Invasive Pests Attacking Evolutionary Naïve Host Trees
• 7.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects
• References
• 8 Insects and Forest Succession
• 8.1 Introduction-Foundations of "Succession" in Plant Ecology
• 8.2 Successional Changes in Forest Communities-Models and Mechanisms
• 8.2.1 Forest Stand Structure and Dynamics
• 8.2.2 Tree Ontogeny
• 8.3 Key Questions on Forest Insect Succession.
• 8.3.1 Observed Successional Patterns in Forest Arthropod Assemblages
• 8.3.2 Two or More Distinct Successional Stages in Forest Arthropod Communities?
• 8.3.3 Relationships Between Arthropod and Vegetation Diversity Through Forest Succession
• 8.3.4 What Insect Groups Depend on Late-Seral Forests?
• 8.3.5 Insect Succession Related to Tree Age and Size
• 8.3.6 Insect Succession on Coarse Woody Debris and Other Discrete Habitat Elements
• 8.4 Effects of Insects on Forest Succession
• 8.5 Conclusions
• References
• 9 Foliage Feeders
• 9.1 Introduction
• 9.2 Effects of Defoliation on Forest Trees
• 9.3 Monitoring for Defoliation and Changes in Defoliator Population Densities
• 9.4 Case Study 1: Winter Moth
• 9.4.1 Biology and Host Range
• 9.4.2 Geographical Range
• 9.4.3 Early Ecological Studies
• 9.4.4 Pathogens
• 9.4.5 Biological Control in North America
• 9.4.6 Population Ecology in North America
• 9.4.7 Recent European Studies
• 9.5 Case Study 2: Spongy Moth
• 9.5.1 Biology
• 9.5.2 Introduction to North America
• 9.5.3 Host Preferences
• 9.5.4 Impact on Forests and Trees
• 9.5.5 Spread of Spongy Moth
• 9.5.6 History of Spongy Moth Control
• 9.5.7 Population Ecology of Spongy Moth
• References
• 10 Bark Beetles
• 10.1 Introduction
• 10.2 Natural History
• 10.2.1 Feeding Ecology
• 10.2.2 Mating Systems
• 10.2.3 Social Behavior
• 10.2.4 Communication
• 10.2.5 Interspecific Interactions
• 10.3 Evolution and Diversity
• 10.3.1 Ten High Impact Bark Beetle Genera and Selected Case-Studies
• 10.4 Management and Control
• 10.4.1 Emerging Pests
• 10.4.2 Bark Beetle Management in a Changing World
• References
• 11 Ambrosia Beetles
• 11.1 Ambrosia Beetle Biology
• 11.1.1 Taxonomic Identity
• 11.1.2 Relationships with Fungi
• 11.2 Who Is the Host and Why Does It Matter?.
• 11.2.1 Biology of the Coevolutionary Units is Dictated by the Fungus
• 11.2.2 Mycangia
• 11.2.3 Relationships with Trees
• 11.2.4 Host Selection and Chemical Ecology
• 11.3 Economic Significance
• 11.3.1 Ambrosia Beetle Pests in Dead Trees
• 11.3.2 Global Change-Induced Damage by Ambrosia Beetles
• 11.3.3 Tree-Killing Invasive Species
• 11.3.4 Ambrosia Beetle Colonization Is a Sign of Tree Disease, not Its Cause
• 11.4 Questions for Further Research
• 11.4.1 Defense Against Invasive Ambrosia Beetles
• 11.4.2 Ecological Significance
• 11.4.3 Pests of the Future
• References
• 12 Woodborers in Forest Stands
• 12.1 Introduction
• 12.2 Natural History/Ecology of Woodborers
• 12.2.1 Woodborer Habitat
• 12.2.2 Live Tree Inhabitants
• 12.2.3 Generic Life Cycle
• 12.2.4 Importance of Symbionts
• 12.3 Population Regulation
• 12.3.1 Abiotic Factors
• 12.3.2 Biotic Factors
• 12.4 Ecological Roles
• 12.4.1 Nutrient Cycling
• 12.4.2 Forest Structure
• 12.4.3 Ecosystem Services
• 12.4.4 Woodborer Conservation
• 12.5 Chemical Ecology
• 12.6 Economically Important Species
• 12.7 Management of Woodborers
• 12.7.1 Native Species
• 12.7.2 Invasive Species
• 12.8 Summary
• References
• 13 Sap-Sucking Forest Pests
• 13.1 Introduction
• 13.2 Diversity and Biology of Sap-Sucking Insects with Emphasis on Importance for Forestry
• 13.2.1 Background
• 13.2.2 Aphids: Aphidomorpha
• 13.2.3 Jumping Plant Lice: Psylloidea
• 13.2.4 Scale Insects: Coccoidea
• 13.2.5 Other Hemipteran Superfamilies and Their Importance in Forestry
• 13.3 Biology and Ecology of Sap-Sucking Insects
• 13.3.1 General Models of Life History and Seasonal History
• 13.3.2 Feeding Ecology
• 13.3.3 Reproductive Strategies
• 13.3.4 Insect-Plant Interactions
• 13.4 Associated Organisms
• 13.4.1 Natural Enemies
• 13.4.2 Interaction with Ants.
• 13.4.3 Bees and Honey Production from Honeydew.