Forest Entomology and Pathology : : Volume 1: Entomology.

• Author: D. Allison, Jeremy.
• TeilnehmendeR: Paine, Timothy D.; Slippers, Bernard.; Wingfield, Michael J.
• Place / Publishing House: Cham : : Springer International Publishing AG,, 2023.; ©2023.
• Year of Publication: 2023
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (810 pages)

Table of Contents

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- 1 Introduction to and Importance of Insects -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 What Is an Insect? -- 1.3 The Importance of Insects -- 1.3.1 Decomposition, Nutrient Recycling, and Soil Formation -- 1.3.2 Ecological Roles and Interactions -- 1.3.3 Insect Decline -- 1.4 Summary -- References -- 2 Form and Function -- 2.1 Insect Development -- 2.1.1 Eggs -- 2.1.2 Viviparity -- 2.1.3 Post-embryonic Development and Larval Morphology -- 2.1.4 Molting and Metamorphosis -- 2.2 Sensory Perception -- 2.3 Food Acquisition, Consumption and Utilization -- 2.4 Nervous System -- 2.5 Epidermis and Cuticle -- 2.6 Neuroendocrine System -- 2.7 Circulation and Immunity -- 2.8 Respiration and Gas Exchange -- 2.9 Locomotion -- 2.10 Excretion and Osmoregulation Systems -- 2.11 Reproduction -- 2.12 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Forest Arthropod Diversity -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Plant-Insect Coevolution as a Driver for Diversification -- 3.1.2 Wood as a Distinctive Forest Attribute and a Powerful Driver for Diversification -- 3.1.3 Latitudinal Gradient of Arthropod Diversity -- 3.2 Feeding Guilds of Arthropods Living in Forests -- 3.2.1 Phytophagous Arthropods -- 3.2.2 Zoophagous Arthropods -- 3.2.3 Saprophagous Arthropods -- 3.3 Functional Roles and Ecosystem Services -- 3.3.1 Regulating Primary Production -- 3.3.2 Decomposition and Nutrient Cycling -- 3.3.3 Seed Dispersal -- 3.3.4 Pollination -- 3.3.5 Top-Down Regulation of Phytophagous Arthropods -- 3.3.6 Food Provisioning and Medicines -- 3.4 Effects of Natural Disturbances on Forest Arthropods -- 3.4.1 Abiotic Disturbances -- 3.4.2 Biotic Disturbances -- 3.5 Effects of Forest Logging on Arthropods -- 3.5.1 Clear-Cuts -- 3.5.2 Salvage Logging -- 3.5.3 Partial Cuts -- 3.6 Conservation and Management -- 3.6.1 Protected Areas -- 3.6.2 Ecosystem-Based Forest Management.

3.6.3 Restoration -- 3.7 New Challenges -- References -- 4 Insect Ecology -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Insects Assume Many Roles in Forests -- 4.3 Species Interact in Many Ways -- 4.4 Life Histories Vary -- 4.4.1 K- and r-Selection: Forces in the Environment Dictate Reproductive Adaptations -- 4.4.2 Some Insects Specialize by Feeding on Trees in a Particular Condition -- 4.5 Abiotic Conditions Alter Insect Growth and Survival -- 4.5.1 Temperature Affects Behavior and Development -- 4.5.2 Precipitation Indirectly Affects Insects by Its Impacts on Trees -- 4.5.3 Extreme Weather Can Have Indirect Effects Through Trees -- 4.5.4 Climate and Weather Patterns Affect Population Density of Insects Regionally -- 4.6 Insect Population Growth Is a Function of Births, Deaths, and Movement -- 4.6.1 The Environment Can Support a Finite Number of Insects -- 4.6.2 Births -- 4.6.3 Deaths -- 4.6.4 Movement -- 4.6.5 A Tool to Measure Population Growth and Regulation -- 4.7 How Global Change Affects Insects in Forest Ecosystems -- References -- 5 Forest Insect Population Dynamics -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Forest Insects on Plantation Trees and on Evolutionarily Naïve Hosts -- 5.1.2 Outbreak Dynamics as an Emergent Property of Insect-Host-Natural Enemy Interactions -- 5.1.3 Introduction to Population Dynamics -- 5.2 Drivers of Population Volatility -- 5.2.1 Variation in the Intrinsic Growth Rate of Populations -- 5.2.2 Lagged Endogenous Feedbacks -- 5.2.3 Scramble Competition -- 5.3 Broad Patterns and Real-World Examples -- 5.3.1 Cyclical Dynamics -- 5.3.2 The Larch Budmoth in the European Alps -- 5.3.3 Tree-Killing Bark Beetles -- 5.3.4 Insect Population Dynamics in Managed Systems -- 5.4 Conclusion -- References -- 6 Forest Insect-Natural Enemy Interactions -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Natural Enemies -- 6.2.1 Predators -- 6.2.2 Parasitoids.

6.2.3 Nematodes and Pathogens -- 6.3 Food Webs -- 6.4 The Forest Environment and Natural Enemies -- 6.5 Predator-Prey Relationships -- 6.5.1 Prey Finding -- 6.5.2 Prey Exploitation and the Components of Predation -- 6.6 Biological Control -- 6.6.1 Definition -- 6.6.2 Inoculative Biological Control -- 6.6.3 Inundative Biological Control -- 6.6.4 Conservation Biological Control -- 6.6.5 Classical Biological Control -- 6.7 Synthesis and Perspectives -- References -- 7 Forest Insect-Plant Interactions -- 7.1 The Ecology of Insect-Plant Interactions in Forests -- 7.2 The Plant Side-Tree Defenses Against Insects -- 7.2.1 Plant Defense Hypotheses -- 7.2.2 Defense, Resistance, Tolerance -- 7.2.3 Mode of Action: Chemical and Physical Defenses in Trees -- 7.2.4 Temporal Sequence: Constitutive, Induced and Primed Defenses in Trees -- 7.2.5 Effective Dose: Qualitative and Quantitative Defenses in Trees -- 7.2.6 Ecological Function: Direct and Indirect Defenses in Trees and Tri-Trophic Interactions -- 7.3 The Insect Side-How Insects Cope with Tree Defenses -- 7.3.1 A Note on Generalist and Specialist Insect Herbivores -- 7.3.2 Insect Feeding Guilds and Their Interaction with Tree Defenses -- 7.3.3 Insect Strategies to Cope with Tree Defenses -- 7.3.4 The Role of Symbiotic Microorganisms in Insect-Tree Interactions -- 7.4 Case Studies: Major Forest Pest Issues Worldwide -- 7.4.1 Native Pests Living on Co-Evolved Host Trees -- 7.4.2 Invasive Pests Attacking Evolutionary Naïve Host Trees -- 7.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects -- References -- 8 Insects and Forest Succession -- 8.1 Introduction-Foundations of "Succession" in Plant Ecology -- 8.2 Successional Changes in Forest Communities-Models and Mechanisms -- 8.2.1 Forest Stand Structure and Dynamics -- 8.2.2 Tree Ontogeny -- 8.3 Key Questions on Forest Insect Succession.

8.3.1 Observed Successional Patterns in Forest Arthropod Assemblages -- 8.3.2 Two or More Distinct Successional Stages in Forest Arthropod Communities? -- 8.3.3 Relationships Between Arthropod and Vegetation Diversity Through Forest Succession -- 8.3.4 What Insect Groups Depend on Late-Seral Forests? -- 8.3.5 Insect Succession Related to Tree Age and Size -- 8.3.6 Insect Succession on Coarse Woody Debris and Other Discrete Habitat Elements -- 8.4 Effects of Insects on Forest Succession -- 8.5 Conclusions -- References -- 9 Foliage Feeders -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Effects of Defoliation on Forest Trees -- 9.3 Monitoring for Defoliation and Changes in Defoliator Population Densities -- 9.4 Case Study 1: Winter Moth -- 9.4.1 Biology and Host Range -- 9.4.2 Geographical Range -- 9.4.3 Early Ecological Studies -- 9.4.4 Pathogens -- 9.4.5 Biological Control in North America -- 9.4.6 Population Ecology in North America -- 9.4.7 Recent European Studies -- 9.5 Case Study 2: Spongy Moth -- 9.5.1 Biology -- 9.5.2 Introduction to North America -- 9.5.3 Host Preferences -- 9.5.4 Impact on Forests and Trees -- 9.5.5 Spread of Spongy Moth -- 9.5.6 History of Spongy Moth Control -- 9.5.7 Population Ecology of Spongy Moth -- References -- 10 Bark Beetles -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Natural History -- 10.2.1 Feeding Ecology -- 10.2.2 Mating Systems -- 10.2.3 Social Behavior -- 10.2.4 Communication -- 10.2.5 Interspecific Interactions -- 10.3 Evolution and Diversity -- 10.3.1 Ten High Impact Bark Beetle Genera and Selected Case-Studies -- 10.4 Management and Control -- 10.4.1 Emerging Pests -- 10.4.2 Bark Beetle Management in a Changing World -- References -- 11 Ambrosia Beetles -- 11.1 Ambrosia Beetle Biology -- 11.1.1 Taxonomic Identity -- 11.1.2 Relationships with Fungi -- 11.2 Who Is the Host and Why Does It Matter?.

11.2.1 Biology of the Coevolutionary Units is Dictated by the Fungus -- 11.2.2 Mycangia -- 11.2.3 Relationships with Trees -- 11.2.4 Host Selection and Chemical Ecology -- 11.3 Economic Significance -- 11.3.1 Ambrosia Beetle Pests in Dead Trees -- 11.3.2 Global Change-Induced Damage by Ambrosia Beetles -- 11.3.3 Tree-Killing Invasive Species -- 11.3.4 Ambrosia Beetle Colonization Is a Sign of Tree Disease, not Its Cause -- 11.4 Questions for Further Research -- 11.4.1 Defense Against Invasive Ambrosia Beetles -- 11.4.2 Ecological Significance -- 11.4.3 Pests of the Future -- References -- 12 Woodborers in Forest Stands -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Natural History/Ecology of Woodborers -- 12.2.1 Woodborer Habitat -- 12.2.2 Live Tree Inhabitants -- 12.2.3 Generic Life Cycle -- 12.2.4 Importance of Symbionts -- 12.3 Population Regulation -- 12.3.1 Abiotic Factors -- 12.3.2 Biotic Factors -- 12.4 Ecological Roles -- 12.4.1 Nutrient Cycling -- 12.4.2 Forest Structure -- 12.4.3 Ecosystem Services -- 12.4.4 Woodborer Conservation -- 12.5 Chemical Ecology -- 12.6 Economically Important Species -- 12.7 Management of Woodborers -- 12.7.1 Native Species -- 12.7.2 Invasive Species -- 12.8 Summary -- References -- 13 Sap-Sucking Forest Pests -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Diversity and Biology of Sap-Sucking Insects with Emphasis on Importance for Forestry -- 13.2.1 Background -- 13.2.2 Aphids: Aphidomorpha -- 13.2.3 Jumping Plant Lice: Psylloidea -- 13.2.4 Scale Insects: Coccoidea -- 13.2.5 Other Hemipteran Superfamilies and Their Importance in Forestry -- 13.3 Biology and Ecology of Sap-Sucking Insects -- 13.3.1 General Models of Life History and Seasonal History -- 13.3.2 Feeding Ecology -- 13.3.3 Reproductive Strategies -- 13.3.4 Insect-Plant Interactions -- 13.4 Associated Organisms -- 13.4.1 Natural Enemies -- 13.4.2 Interaction with Ants.

13.4.3 Bees and Honey Production from Honeydew.