Industrial Energy Systems Handbook.
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| Superior document: | Energy Engineering and Systems Series |
|---|---|
| : | |
| Place / Publishing House: | Aalborg : : River Publishers,, 2023. Ã2022. |
| Year of Publication: | 2023 |
| Edition: | 1st ed. |
| Language: | English |
| Series: | Energy Engineering and Systems Series
|
| Online Access: | |
| Physical Description: | 1 online resource (502 pages) |
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Table of Contents:
- Cover
- Half-Title
- RIVER PUBLISHERS SERIES IN ENERGY ENGINEERING AND SYSTEMS
- Title
- Copyrights
- Contents
- List of Contributors
- List of Figures
- List of Tables
- Chapter 1 Global Energy Situation on Climate Change
- 1.1 The Negative Impacts and Forecasts of Climate Change
- 1.1.1 Sea levels
- 1.1.2 Ocean currents
- 1.1.3 Coral reefs
- 1.1.4 Ocean acidity
- 1.1.5 Wildlife
- 1.1.6 Hurricanes
- 1.1.7 Floods
- 1.1.8 Fires
- 1.1.9 Forests
- 1.1.10 Droughts
- 1.1.11 Human health
- 1.1.12 Social cost
- 1.2 The Positive Global Trends to meet the Goals of the Paris Agreement
- 1.2.1 Coal
- 1.2.2 Wind
- 1.2.3 Solar
- 1.2.4 Employment
- 1.2.5 Industrial energy efficiency
- 1.3 International Protocols and Conventions
- 1.3.1 Paris agreement
- 1.3.2 Kyoto protocol
- Chapter 2 Fundamental Principles of Energy
- 2.1 Forms of Energy
- 2.1.1 Definition of energy
- 2.1.2 Different forms of energy and energy flowimportant to energy audits
- 2.2 Definition of Energy Efficiency
- 2.3 Definition of Energy Density
- 2.4 Units of Energy
- 2.4.1 Calorie
- 2.4.2 Joule
- 2.4.3 Pascal
- 2.4.4 Ampere
- 2.4.5 Ampere-hour
- 2.4.6 Volt-Ampere
- 2.4.7 kiloVolt-Ampere reactive
- 2.4.8 Watt
- 2.4.9 Watt-hour
- 2.4.10 kiloWatt and gigaWatt
- Chapter 3Energy Conversion and EfficiencyLouis Lagrange
- 3.1 Energy Conversion, Electricity and Energy Efficiency
- 3.1.1 Total energy, useful and not useful energy
- 3.2 The Four Thermodynamic Laws
- 3.2.1 Definition and interpretation of thermodynamic law nr 0
- 3.2.2 Definition and interpretation of thermodynamic law nr 1
- 3.2.3 Definition and interpretation of thermodynamic law nr 2
- 3.2.4 Definition and interpretation of thermodynamic law nr 3
- 3.3 Energy Performance Criteria
- 3.4 Calculation of Energy Efficiency Performance
- 3.4.1 High level benchmarking metrics.
- 3.4.2 Energy use index
- 3.4.3 Energy cost index
- 3.4.4 Productivity metrics
- 3.4.5 Energy efficiency rating, seasonal and integrated
- 3.4.6 System performance metrics
- 3.4.7 Typical system performance indexes
- 3.5 Calculation of Point of Use (PoU) costs
- 3.5.1 Energy conservation and energy conversion (energy flow)
- 3.5.2 Heat flow and heat loss
- 3.5.3 Mass- and energy-balance
- 3.5.4 Energy demand
- Chapter 4Fundamentals of Electrical EnergyLouis Lagrange
- 4.1 Electrical Power and Electrical Power Quality
- 4.2 Electrical Voltage
- 4.3 Electrical Current
- 4.4 Electrical Power
- 4.5 Demand
- 4.6 Types of Current Flow
- 4.7 Direct Current
- 4.8 Batteries
- 4.9 Alternating Current
- 4.10 The Different Types of Loads
- 4.10.1 Electrical circuitry
- 4.10.2 Resistive loads
- 4.10.3 Inductive loads
- 4.10.4 Capacitive loads
- 4.11 Electrical Power Factor
- 4.11.1 Lower utility fees
- 4.11.2 Power factor penalty is eliminated
- 4.11.3 Increase voltage levels in the electric system and distribution system
- 4.11.4 Power factor correction in linear loads
- 4.11.5 Power factor correction in non-linear loads
- 4.11.6 Passive power factor correction (PFC)
- 4.11.7 Active power factor correction
- 4.11.8 Dynamic power factor correction
- 4.12 Demand Management
- 4.13 Load Factor
- 4.14 Load Shifting
- 4.14.1 Demand response
- 4.14.2 Dynamic demand
- 4.15 Load Shedding
- 4.16 Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)
- 4.16.1 THD voltage
- 4.16.2 Harmonic voltage distortions
- 4.16.3 Harmonic current distortion
- 4.17 Problems with Harmonics
- 4.18 Measuring Electrical Energy Consumption
- 4.18.1 Calculating power, energy and power factor inalternating current circuits
- 4.18.2 Calculate power, voltage, current andpower factor in AC circuits
- 4.18.3 Voltage
- 4.18.4 Current
- 4.18.5 Power.
- 4.19 Methods to Correct the Power Factor
- 4.20 Calculating Energy Efficiency forElectrical Equipment
- 4.21 Uninterruptible Power Supply
- Chapter 5Fundamentals of Thermal EnergyAlbert Williams
- 5.1 Types of Thermal Energy: Sensible and Latent
- 5.2 Concept of Useful Thermal Energy
- 5.3 Temperature
- 5.4 Pressure
- 5.5 Phase Changes
- 5.5.1 Evaporation
- 5.5.2 Condensation
- 5.5.3 Steam
- 5.5.4 Moist air and humidity
- 5.6 Psychrometric Charts
- 5.6.1 Air temperature
- 5.6.2 Relative humidity
- 5.6.3 Mean radiant temperature
- 5.6.4 Air flow movement
- 5.6.5 Infiltration loads in buildings
- 5.7 Calculating Thermal Energy
- 5.7.1 Heat loss calculations
- 5.8 Energy Efficiency Measures in Thermal Processes
- Chapter 6Energy Management Systems andIndustrial Energy AuditsAlbert Williams1 &
- Yolanda de Lange1
- 6.1 Energy Management Systems (EnMS)
- 6.1.1 Overview
- 6.1.2 Energy performance indicators
- 6.1.3 Calculation of energy efficiency performance
- 6.1.4 High level benchmarking metrics
- 6.2 Industrial Energy Audits
- 6.2.1 The types of energy audits
- 6.2.2 The energy audit process
- Chapter 7Instrumentation and ControlAlbert Williams
- 7.1 The Need for Automated Control
- 7.2 Control Components
- 7.2.1 Switches
- 7.2.2 Sensors
- 7.2.3 Transducers
- 7.2.4 Controllers
- 7.2.5 Control loops
- 7.2.6 Control devices
- 7.3 Control Modes
- 7.3.1 On/Off control
- 7.3.2 Floating control
- 7.3.3 Proportional only control (P)
- 7.3.4 Proportional-plus-integral control (PI)
- 7.3.5 Proportional-integral-derivative control (PID)
- 7.4 Sensor Types
- 7.4.1 Thermostats
- 7.4.2 Electric meter
- 7.4.3 Smoke sensors/detectors
- 7.4.4 Light sensors
- 7.4.5 Occupancy sensors
- 7.4.6 Carbon dioxide sensors
- 7.4.7 Carbon monoxide sensors.
- 7.5 The Principles of Efficiency with Control andControl Applications
- 7.5.1 Efficiency through control
- 7.5.2 Efficiency through control applications
- Chapter 8Energy Investigation Support ToolsAlbert Williams
- 8.1 Measurement of Power
- 8.2 Measurement of Temperature
- 8.3 Measurement of Pressure
- 8.4 Measurement of Humidity
- 8.5 Measurement of Heat Capacity and Heat Storage
- 8.6 Combustion Measurement
- 8.7 Measurements of Air Velocity
- 8.8 Measurements of Flow
- 8.9 Measurements of Compressed Air Systems
- 8.9.1 Compressed air flow measurements
- 8.9.2 Leak detection in compressed air system
- Chapter 9Fuels, Furnaces, and Fired EquipmentAlbert Williams
- 9.1 Fuel Fired Systems
- 9.2 Fuels
- 9.2.1 Properties of solid fuels
- 9.2.2 Properties of liquid fuels (Oil)
- 9.2.1 Properties of gaseous fuels
- 9.3 Combustion
- 9.3.1 Combustion of carbon
- 9.3.2 Combustion air requirement
- 9.4 Optimizing Combustion Conditions
- 9.5 Fuel Fired Equipment and Applications
- 9.5.1 Furnaces
- 9.5.2 Dryers
- 9.5.3 Kilns
- 9.6 Flue Gas and Other Losses in Process Furnaces, Dryers and Kilns
- 9.7 Burners
- 9.7.1 Liquid fuel combustion
- 9.7.2 Pressure jet burners
- 9.7.3 Rotary cup burners
- 9.7.4 Air blast burners
- 9.7.5 Common problems in burners
- 9.8 Thermal Efficiencies
- 9.9 Air Pollution Control - Process and Equipment
- 9.9.1 Greenhouse gas effect
- 9.9.2 Acid rain
- 9.9.3 Ground level ozone
- 9.9.4 Reduction of pollutant emissions fromcombustion process
- 9.9.5 Energy efficiency improvements
- 9.9.6 Refinement to the combustion process
- 9.9.7 Flue gas treatment
- 9.9.8 Fuel switching
- 9.10 Energy Efficiency Measures
- 9.10.1 Maintain proper burner adjustment
- 9.10.2 Check excess air and combustibles in the flue gas
- 9.10.3 Keep heat exchange surfaces clean.
- 9.10.4 Replace/Repair missing and damaged insulation
- 9.10.5 Check furnace pressure regularly
- 9.10.6 Schedule production to operate furnaces at ornear maximum output
- 9.10.7 Replace damaged furnace doors or covers
- 9.10.8 Install adequate monitoring instrumentation
- 9.10.9 Recover heat from equipment cooling water
- 9.10.10 Install a heat exchanger in the flue gas outlet
- Chapter 10Heat Exchange SystemsAlbert Williams
- 10.1 Concepts of Conduction, Convection and Radiation
- 10.1.1 Conduction
- 10.1.2 Convection
- 10.1.3 Thermal radiation
- 10.2 Specific Heat Capacity
- 10.3 Insulation
- 10.3.1 Heat loss through a wall
- 10.3.2 Heat loss from a pipe
- 10.3.3 Heat loss from an industrial freezer
- 10.3.4 Insulating materials
- 10.3.5 Protective coverings and finishes
- 10.3.6 Accessories
- 10.3.7 Insulation energy efficiency measures
- 10.3.8 Vapor loss from open processing tanks
- 10.4 Heat Recovery with Heat Exchangers
- 10.4.1 Shell and tube
- 10.4.3 Heat wheel
- 10.4.4 Heat pipes
- 10.4.5 Run around system
- 10.4.6 Plate or Baffle type heat exchanger
- 10.4.7 Heat pumps
- 10.4.8 Waste heat boilers
- 10.4.9 Recuperators
- 10.4.10 Heat recovery ventilation systems
- 10.4.11 Mechanical and natural ventilation
- Chapter 11Steam SystemsAlbert Williams
- 11.1 Generation
- 11.1.1 Steam
- 11.1.2 Sensible heat and latent heat
- 11.1.3 Steam quality
- 11.1.4 Superheated steam
- 11.1.5 Example of the effects of increasing surface area
- 11.1.7 Combustion losses
- 11.1.8 Blowdown losses
- 11.1.9 Feedwater treatment
- 11.1.10 Condensate tanks
- 11.1.11 Flash tanks
- 11.1.12 Flash steam heat recovery
- 11.2 Distribution
- 11.2.1 Condensate return
- 11.2.2 Steam leaks
- 11.2.3 Insulation
- 11.2.4 Steam pressure
- 11.2.5 Steam pipes
- 11.2.6 Heat transfer from steam
- 11.2.7 Steam traps.
- 11.2.8 Routine maintenance of traps.