Industrial Energy Systems Handbook.

• Superior document: Energy Engineering and Systems Series
• Author: Williams, A. E.
• Place / Publishing House: Aalborg : : River Publishers,, 2023.; Ã2022.
• Year of Publication: 2023
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Series: Energy Engineering and Systems Series
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (502 pages)

Table of Contents

Cover -- Half-Title -- RIVER PUBLISHERS SERIES IN ENERGY ENGINEERING AND SYSTEMS -- Title -- Copyrights -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Chapter 1 Global Energy Situation on Climate Change -- 1.1 The Negative Impacts and Forecasts of Climate Change -- 1.1.1 Sea levels -- 1.1.2 Ocean currents -- 1.1.3 Coral reefs -- 1.1.4 Ocean acidity -- 1.1.5 Wildlife -- 1.1.6 Hurricanes -- 1.1.7 Floods -- 1.1.8 Fires -- 1.1.9 Forests -- 1.1.10 Droughts -- 1.1.11 Human health -- 1.1.12 Social cost -- 1.2 The Positive Global Trends to meet the Goals of the Paris Agreement -- 1.2.1 Coal -- 1.2.2 Wind -- 1.2.3 Solar -- 1.2.4 Employment -- 1.2.5 Industrial energy efficiency -- 1.3 International Protocols and Conventions -- 1.3.1 Paris agreement -- 1.3.2 Kyoto protocol -- Chapter 2 Fundamental Principles of Energy -- 2.1 Forms of Energy -- 2.1.1 Definition of energy -- 2.1.2 Different forms of energy and energy flowimportant to energy audits -- 2.2 Definition of Energy Efficiency -- 2.3 Definition of Energy Density -- 2.4 Units of Energy -- 2.4.1 Calorie -- 2.4.2 Joule -- 2.4.3 Pascal -- 2.4.4 Ampere -- 2.4.5 Ampere-hour -- 2.4.6 Volt-Ampere -- 2.4.7 kiloVolt-Ampere reactive -- 2.4.8 Watt -- 2.4.9 Watt-hour -- 2.4.10 kiloWatt and gigaWatt -- Chapter 3Energy Conversion and EfficiencyLouis Lagrange -- 3.1 Energy Conversion, Electricity and Energy Efficiency -- 3.1.1 Total energy, useful and not useful energy -- 3.2 The Four Thermodynamic Laws -- 3.2.1 Definition and interpretation of thermodynamic law nr 0 -- 3.2.2 Definition and interpretation of thermodynamic law nr 1 -- 3.2.3 Definition and interpretation of thermodynamic law nr 2 -- 3.2.4 Definition and interpretation of thermodynamic law nr 3 -- 3.3 Energy Performance Criteria -- 3.4 Calculation of Energy Efficiency Performance -- 3.4.1 High level benchmarking metrics.

3.4.2 Energy use index -- 3.4.3 Energy cost index -- 3.4.4 Productivity metrics -- 3.4.5 Energy efficiency rating, seasonal and integrated -- 3.4.6 System performance metrics -- 3.4.7 Typical system performance indexes -- 3.5 Calculation of Point of Use (PoU) costs -- 3.5.1 Energy conservation and energy conversion (energy flow) -- 3.5.2 Heat flow and heat loss -- 3.5.3 Mass- and energy-balance -- 3.5.4 Energy demand -- Chapter 4Fundamentals of Electrical EnergyLouis Lagrange -- 4.1 Electrical Power and Electrical Power Quality -- 4.2 Electrical Voltage -- 4.3 Electrical Current -- 4.4 Electrical Power -- 4.5 Demand -- 4.6 Types of Current Flow -- 4.7 Direct Current -- 4.8 Batteries -- 4.9 Alternating Current -- 4.10 The Different Types of Loads -- 4.10.1 Electrical circuitry -- 4.10.2 Resistive loads -- 4.10.3 Inductive loads -- 4.10.4 Capacitive loads -- 4.11 Electrical Power Factor -- 4.11.1 Lower utility fees -- 4.11.2 Power factor penalty is eliminated -- 4.11.3 Increase voltage levels in the electric system and distribution system -- 4.11.4 Power factor correction in linear loads -- 4.11.5 Power factor correction in non-linear loads -- 4.11.6 Passive power factor correction (PFC) -- 4.11.7 Active power factor correction -- 4.11.8 Dynamic power factor correction -- 4.12 Demand Management -- 4.13 Load Factor -- 4.14 Load Shifting -- 4.14.1 Demand response -- 4.14.2 Dynamic demand -- 4.15 Load Shedding -- 4.16 Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) -- 4.16.1 THD voltage -- 4.16.2 Harmonic voltage distortions -- 4.16.3 Harmonic current distortion -- 4.17 Problems with Harmonics -- 4.18 Measuring Electrical Energy Consumption -- 4.18.1 Calculating power, energy and power factor inalternating current circuits -- 4.18.2 Calculate power, voltage, current andpower factor in AC circuits -- 4.18.3 Voltage -- 4.18.4 Current -- 4.18.5 Power.

4.19 Methods to Correct the Power Factor -- 4.20 Calculating Energy Efficiency forElectrical Equipment -- 4.21 Uninterruptible Power Supply -- Chapter 5Fundamentals of Thermal EnergyAlbert Williams -- 5.1 Types of Thermal Energy: Sensible and Latent -- 5.2 Concept of Useful Thermal Energy -- 5.3 Temperature -- 5.4 Pressure -- 5.5 Phase Changes -- 5.5.1 Evaporation -- 5.5.2 Condensation -- 5.5.3 Steam -- 5.5.4 Moist air and humidity -- 5.6 Psychrometric Charts -- 5.6.1 Air temperature -- 5.6.2 Relative humidity -- 5.6.3 Mean radiant temperature -- 5.6.4 Air flow movement -- 5.6.5 Infiltration loads in buildings -- 5.7 Calculating Thermal Energy -- 5.7.1 Heat loss calculations -- 5.8 Energy Efficiency Measures in Thermal Processes -- Chapter 6Energy Management Systems andIndustrial Energy AuditsAlbert Williams1 &amp -- Yolanda de Lange1 -- 6.1 Energy Management Systems (EnMS) -- 6.1.1 Overview -- 6.1.2 Energy performance indicators -- 6.1.3 Calculation of energy efficiency performance -- 6.1.4 High level benchmarking metrics -- 6.2 Industrial Energy Audits -- 6.2.1 The types of energy audits -- 6.2.2 The energy audit process -- Chapter 7Instrumentation and ControlAlbert Williams -- 7.1 The Need for Automated Control -- 7.2 Control Components -- 7.2.1 Switches -- 7.2.2 Sensors -- 7.2.3 Transducers -- 7.2.4 Controllers -- 7.2.5 Control loops -- 7.2.6 Control devices -- 7.3 Control Modes -- 7.3.1 On/Off control -- 7.3.2 Floating control -- 7.3.3 Proportional only control (P) -- 7.3.4 Proportional-plus-integral control (PI) -- 7.3.5 Proportional-integral-derivative control (PID) -- 7.4 Sensor Types -- 7.4.1 Thermostats -- 7.4.2 Electric meter -- 7.4.3 Smoke sensors/detectors -- 7.4.4 Light sensors -- 7.4.5 Occupancy sensors -- 7.4.6 Carbon dioxide sensors -- 7.4.7 Carbon monoxide sensors.

7.5 The Principles of Efficiency with Control andControl Applications -- 7.5.1 Efficiency through control -- 7.5.2 Efficiency through control applications -- Chapter 8Energy Investigation Support ToolsAlbert Williams -- 8.1 Measurement of Power -- 8.2 Measurement of Temperature -- 8.3 Measurement of Pressure -- 8.4 Measurement of Humidity -- 8.5 Measurement of Heat Capacity and Heat Storage -- 8.6 Combustion Measurement -- 8.7 Measurements of Air Velocity -- 8.8 Measurements of Flow -- 8.9 Measurements of Compressed Air Systems -- 8.9.1 Compressed air flow measurements -- 8.9.2 Leak detection in compressed air system -- Chapter 9Fuels, Furnaces, and Fired EquipmentAlbert Williams -- 9.1 Fuel Fired Systems -- 9.2 Fuels -- 9.2.1 Properties of solid fuels -- 9.2.2 Properties of liquid fuels (Oil) -- 9.2.1 Properties of gaseous fuels -- 9.3 Combustion -- 9.3.1 Combustion of carbon -- 9.3.2 Combustion air requirement -- 9.4 Optimizing Combustion Conditions -- 9.5 Fuel Fired Equipment and Applications -- 9.5.1 Furnaces -- 9.5.2 Dryers -- 9.5.3 Kilns -- 9.6 Flue Gas and Other Losses in Process Furnaces, Dryers and Kilns -- 9.7 Burners -- 9.7.1 Liquid fuel combustion -- 9.7.2 Pressure jet burners -- 9.7.3 Rotary cup burners -- 9.7.4 Air blast burners -- 9.7.5 Common problems in burners -- 9.8 Thermal Efficiencies -- 9.9 Air Pollution Control - Process and Equipment -- 9.9.1 Greenhouse gas effect -- 9.9.2 Acid rain -- 9.9.3 Ground level ozone -- 9.9.4 Reduction of pollutant emissions fromcombustion process -- 9.9.5 Energy efficiency improvements -- 9.9.6 Refinement to the combustion process -- 9.9.7 Flue gas treatment -- 9.9.8 Fuel switching -- 9.10 Energy Efficiency Measures -- 9.10.1 Maintain proper burner adjustment -- 9.10.2 Check excess air and combustibles in the flue gas -- 9.10.3 Keep heat exchange surfaces clean.

9.10.4 Replace/Repair missing and damaged insulation -- 9.10.5 Check furnace pressure regularly -- 9.10.6 Schedule production to operate furnaces at ornear maximum output -- 9.10.7 Replace damaged furnace doors or covers -- 9.10.8 Install adequate monitoring instrumentation -- 9.10.9 Recover heat from equipment cooling water -- 9.10.10 Install a heat exchanger in the flue gas outlet -- Chapter 10Heat Exchange SystemsAlbert Williams -- 10.1 Concepts of Conduction, Convection and Radiation -- 10.1.1 Conduction -- 10.1.2 Convection -- 10.1.3 Thermal radiation -- 10.2 Specific Heat Capacity -- 10.3 Insulation -- 10.3.1 Heat loss through a wall -- 10.3.2 Heat loss from a pipe -- 10.3.3 Heat loss from an industrial freezer -- 10.3.4 Insulating materials -- 10.3.5 Protective coverings and finishes -- 10.3.6 Accessories -- 10.3.7 Insulation energy efficiency measures -- 10.3.8 Vapor loss from open processing tanks -- 10.4 Heat Recovery with Heat Exchangers -- 10.4.1 Shell and tube -- 10.4.3 Heat wheel -- 10.4.4 Heat pipes -- 10.4.5 Run around system -- 10.4.6 Plate or Baffle type heat exchanger -- 10.4.7 Heat pumps -- 10.4.8 Waste heat boilers -- 10.4.9 Recuperators -- 10.4.10 Heat recovery ventilation systems -- 10.4.11 Mechanical and natural ventilation -- Chapter 11Steam SystemsAlbert Williams -- 11.1 Generation -- 11.1.1 Steam -- 11.1.2 Sensible heat and latent heat -- 11.1.3 Steam quality -- 11.1.4 Superheated steam -- 11.1.5 Example of the effects of increasing surface area -- 11.1.7 Combustion losses -- 11.1.8 Blowdown losses -- 11.1.9 Feedwater treatment -- 11.1.10 Condensate tanks -- 11.1.11 Flash tanks -- 11.1.12 Flash steam heat recovery -- 11.2 Distribution -- 11.2.1 Condensate return -- 11.2.2 Steam leaks -- 11.2.3 Insulation -- 11.2.4 Steam pressure -- 11.2.5 Steam pipes -- 11.2.6 Heat transfer from steam -- 11.2.7 Steam traps.

11.2.8 Routine maintenance of traps.