Muhammad
!["Muhammad, the Messenger of God"<br />inscribed on the gates of the [[Prophet's Mosque]] in [[Medina]]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Dark_vignette_Al-Masjid_AL-Nabawi_Door800x600x300.jpg)
Muhammad was born in approximately 570CE in Mecca. He was the son of Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib and Amina bint Wahb. His father, Abdullah, the son of Quraysh tribal leader Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim, died around the time Muhammad was born. His mother Amina died when he was six, leaving Muhammad an orphan. He was raised under the care of his grandfather, Abd al-Muttalib, and paternal uncle, Abu Talib. In later years, he would periodically seclude himself in a mountain cave named Hira for several nights of prayer. When he was 40, circa 610CE, Muhammad reported being visited by Gabriel in the cave and receiving his first revelation from God. In 613, Muhammad started preaching these revelations publicly, proclaiming that "God is One", that complete "submission" (''islām'') to God (''Allah'') is the right way of life (''dīn''), and that he was a prophet and messenger of God, similar to the other prophets in Islam.
Muhammad's followers were initially few in number, and experienced hostility from Meccan polytheists for 13 years. To escape ongoing persecution, he sent some of his followers to Abyssinia in 615, before he and his followers migrated from Mecca to Medina (then known as Yathrib) later in 622. This event, the Hijrah, marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar, also known as the Hijri calendar. In Medina, Muhammad united the tribes under the Constitution of Medina. In December 629, after eight years of intermittent fighting with Meccan tribes, Muhammad gathered an army of 10,000 Muslim converts and marched on the city of Mecca. The conquest went largely uncontested, and Muhammad seized the city with little bloodshed. In 632, a few months after returning from the Farewell Pilgrimage, he fell ill and died. By the time of his death, most of the Arabian Peninsula had converted to Islam.
The revelations (''ayat'') that Muhammad reported receiving until his death form the verses of the Quran, regarded by Muslims as the verbatim "Word of God" on which the religion is based. Besides the Quran, Muhammad's teachings and practices (''sunnah''), found in transmitted reports (hadith) and in his biography (''sīrah''), are also upheld and used as sources of Islamic law. Provided by Wikipedia
2001
Published: 1317, [=1939]
2002
Published: 1380, [=2001]
Superior document: Intišārāt-i Farhang-i Īrān-zamīn : Silsila-i mutūn wa taḥqīqāt 42
2003
Published: 2016
Superior document: Türkiye Yazma Eserler Kurumu Başkanlığı yayınları. Tarih ve toplum bilimleri serisi 75 : 8
2004
Published: [2014]-
2005
Published: [2001], =, 1380
Publisher: انتشارات ققنوس / Intišārāt-i Quqnūs
2006
Published: 1374, [1995]
Publisher: انتشارات صفي عليشاه, کتابخانه منوچهري / Intišārāt-i Ṣafī ʿAlīšāh, Kitābẖāna-i Manūčihrī
2007
Published: 2022.
2008
Published: 1993
2009
Published: 1384/2005
Superior document: Mīrāṯ-i maktūb 129
2010
Published: 1982
Superior document: Maṭbūʿāt dārat al-malik ʿAbd-al-ʿAzīz; 22 22
2011
Published: [2019]-
2012
Published: 2015-
2013
Published: [1335], h.š., [1956]
2014
Published: 1377h.š., [1998]
Publisher: صدای معاصر / Ṣidā-i Muʿāṣir
2015
Published: 1888
Superior document: Enthalten in Sitzungsberichte der Philosophisch-Historischen Classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien, 1888 115. Band, Seite 353-420
Links: Volltext
2016
Published: 1337, 1958
Publisher: انتشارات انجمن کتاب / Intišārāt-i Anǧuman-i Kitāb
2017
Published: 1387, [2008/09]
2018
Published: 24, September, 2015
Superior document: Quaternary international vol. 382
2019
Published: [2009]
Superior document: Title is part of eBook package: De Gruyter PUP eBook-Package 2000-2015
Links: Get full text; Cover
2020
Published: [2021]