Secession in International Law with a Special Reference to the Post-Soviet Space / / Júlia Miklasová.

• Superior document: Theory and Practice of Public International Law Series ; Volume 8
• VerfasserIn: Miklasová, Júlia,
• Place / Publishing House: Leiden, The Netherlands : : Koninklijke Brill bv,, [2024]; ©2024
• Year of Publication: 2024
• Edition: First edition.
• Language: English
• Series: Theory and practice of public international law ; Volume 8.
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (757 pages)

The open access publication of this book has been published with the support of the Swiss National Science Foundation. International law is increasing in relevance to the topic of secession. This book demonstrates that if a secessionist entity's effectiveness is achieved in violation of peremptory norms, the emergence of statehood is precluded, thereby challenging a classical view of secession as purely factual and meta-legal. Dr. Júlia Miklasová coins the term "illegal secessionist entity," demonstrates the pervasive effects of the original illegality on the subsequent relations of such entities (purported diplomatic, treaty, economic relations, acts and laws) and outlines the overlapping regimes of the law of occupation, human rights law and duty of non-recognition. Post-Soviet secessionist entities result from an illegal use of force. They are thus prohibited from becoming States, and further consequences of their illegality apply.

Table of Contents

Front Cover -- Half Title -- Series Information -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- General Introduction -- 1 Hypothesis, Relevance and Objectives -- 2 Definition of Terms -- 3 Structure -- Part 1 Secession in Contemporary International Law -- Section 1 Legal Analysis of the Status of the Secessionist Entity -- Introduction to Section 1 -- Chapter 1 Legal Understanding of Statehood: Role of the Factual Element in Secession -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Evolution of the Factual Element in Secession during Earlier Periods -- 2.1 Dynastic Legitimism -- 2.2 Transitory Factualist Period -- 2.3 Constitutive Theory of Recognition -- 2.4 Summary -- 3 Factualist Statehood and Declaratory Theory -- 3.1 Main Point of Reference: Montevideo Criteria -- 3.2 Underlying Rationales behind the Montevideo Criteria -- 3.3 Classical Doctrinal View of Secession -- 4 Critical Re-assessment of the Classical Doctrinal View of Secession -- 4.1 Revisiting Jellinek and Kelsen -- 4.1.1 Common Background -- 4.1.2 Jellinek: Three-Elements Doctrine and the Normative Force of the Factual -- 4.1.3 Kelsen: Statehood and the Principle of Effectiveness -- 4.1.4 Jellinek and Kelsen: Synthesis, Divergence and Impact on Future Debate -- 4.2 Theoretical Weaknesses of a Classical Doctrinal View of Secession -- 4.3 Principle of Effectiveness Is a Legal Rule -- 5 Conclusion -- Chapter 2 Prohibition of Secession in Case of Violation of Peremptory Norms -- 1 Introduction -- 2 General Outline of Peremptory Norms' Relevance to Secession -- 2.1 State Practice and Opinio Iuris -- 2.1.1 Pre-1945 Practice and Opinio Iuris -- 2.1.2 Post-1945 Practice and Opinio Iuris -- 2.1.2.1 Unlawful Territorial Acquisitions -- 2.1.2.2 Treaties and Codification Works on State Succession -- 2.1.2.3 Other Relevant Practice and Opinio Iuris of a General Character.

2.1.2.4 Practice and Opinio Iuris in Specific Cases -- 2.1.2.4.1 Southern Rhodesia -- 2.1.2.4.2 Katanga -- 2.1.2.4.3 Biafra -- 2.1.2.4.4 Bangladesh -- 2.1.2.4.5 Bantustans -- 2.1.2.4.6 Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (trnc) -- 2.1.2.4.7 Republika Srpska -- 2.1.3 Iterim Conclusions -- 2.2 Doctrine -- 2.2.1 Preclusion of the Emergence of Statehood Despite the Effectiveness of the Entity: A Legalist Position -- 2.2.2 Nullity of the State Due to Illegality of Its Creation -- 2.2.3 Illegality Without Drawing Any Consequences on the Status of the Entity -- 2.2.4 Non-recognition of Illegal States or Their Social Isolation -- 2.2.5 Classical Factualist Doctrine -- 2.2.6 Interim Conclusions -- 3 Role of DoI in Secession -- 3.1 Inherent Part of a Secessionist Attempt -- 3.1.1 An Intentional Act to Secede -- 3.1.2 Analogy with the Law of Acquisition of Titles of Territorial Sovereignty -- 3.1.3 Relevance of the Taiwan Example -- 3.2 Links between the DoI and Secession -- 3.3 Conclusion -- 4 DoI and Secessionist Attempt within the Purview of Peremptory Norms -- 4.1 General Observations -- 4.2 Applicable Law -- 4.3 Criterion of Connection with Violation -- 4.4 Addressees -- 4.4.1 Involvement of the Third State in the Secessionist Attempt -- 4.4.2 Secessionist Group as a Direct Bearer of Peremptory Obligations -- 4.5 Legal Consequences -- 4.5.1 Illegality of the Declaration of Independence and Secessionist Attempt -- 4.5.2 Invalidity of the Declaration of Independence -- 4.5.2.1 Invalidating Effects of Peremptory Norms on Unilateral Acts of States -- 4.5.2.2 DoI as a Legal Act -- 4.5.2.3 Invalidating Effects of Peremptory Norms on the DoI -- 4.5.3 Consequences in the Field of International Responsibility -- 4.5.3.1 Legal Basis of the Duty of Non-recognition -- 4.5.3.2 Interplay with Other Effects of Peremptory Norms -- 4.6 Conclusion -- 5 Conclusion.

Chapter 3 Existence of the Right to Secession -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Right of Self-Determination Outside Decolonisation -- 2.1 Brief Historical Outline -- 2.2 Meaning of 'Peoples' -- 2.3 No Right to Secession -- 2.4 Outline of the Content of the Right of Self-Determination -- 3 Remedial Secession -- 4 Right to Secede Derived from Other Sources -- 4.1 Right to 'Secede' with the Consent of the Parent State -- 4.2 Independence Referenda in Secessionist Contexts -- 4.2.1 Unilateral Referendum Does Not Give Rise to the Right to Secede -- 4.2.2 Independence Referenda Within the Purview of International Law -- 5 Conclusion -- Chapter 4 Territorial Integrity of the Parent State and Neutrality of International Law Regarding Secession -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Formation of the Borders of a New State -- 2.1 International Frontiers -- 2.2 Principle of Uti Possidetis Iuris -- 2.1.1 Applicability beyond Decolonisation -- 2.1.2 Technical Aspects -- 2.1.3 Uti Possidetis Iuris vs Effectiveness -- 2.1.4 Dispositive Rule and Its Relationship with Self-Determination -- 3 Principle of Territorial Integrity -- 3.1 Underlying Rationales and Scope -- 3.2 Territorial Integrity of the Parent State in the Secessionist Struggle -- 4 Conclusion -- Chapter 5 Limits to the Effectiveness Paradigm -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Perplexity of Automaticity of the State's Emergence and Its Objectivity -- 2.1 Reflection of a Fundamental Debate in Philosophy -- 2.2 Brief Reference to Municipal Law and Constitutive Theory -- 2.3 International Law Presumes a Strong Objectivity of Legal Facts -- 2.4 Tools Neutralising the Weaknesses of a Declaratory Theory -- 3 State Practice Mapping -- 3.1 Relevance of the Parent State's Consent -- 3.2 Practice of Unilateral Secession -- 3.3 Key Takeaways from the Reading of the Practice -- 4 Conclusion -- Conclusion to Section 1.

Section 2 Legal Consequences Applicable to the Illegal Secessionist Entity -- Introduction to Section 2 -- Chapter 6 Notion of an Illegal Secessionist Entity -- Chapter 7 Consequences of Peremptory Territorial Illegality -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Inapplicability of the Rules of State Succession -- 3 Invalidity Deriving from Peremptory Illegality -- 3.1 Chain of Invalidity in the Context of an Illegal Secessionist Entity -- 3.2 Relationship between Invalidity of Acts and the Duty of Non-recognition -- 4 Aggravated Regime of International Responsibility -- 4.1 General Observations -- 4.1.1 Duty of Cooperation -- 4.1.2 Duty of Non-recognition -- 4.1.3 Duty of Non-assistance -- 4.1.3.1 General and Special Regime of Complicity -- 4.1.3.2 Interplay with the Duty of Non-recognition -- 4.2 Specific Content -- 4.2.1 Selected Relations at Purportedly Inter-State Level -- 4.2.1.1 Treaty Relations -- 4.2.1.1.1 Conclusion of Treaties with Illegal Entities -- 4.2.1.1.2 Extension of Occupant's Treaties to Illegally Occupied and Annexed Territories -- 4.2.1.1.3 Namibia Exception in the Context of Treaty Relations -- 4.2.1.1.4 Applicability of the Parent State's Treaties to an Illegal Entity -- 4.2.1.2 Establishment of Diplomatic and Consular Relations -- 4.2.2 Economic and Other Dealings with an Illegal Secessionist Entity -- 4.2.2.1 Economic Dealings with an Illegal Secessionist Entity -- 4.2.2.1.1 Direct Economic Relations of Third States with an Illegal Entity -- 4.2.2.1.1.1 Direct Trade -- 4.2.2.1.1.2 Direct Provision of Aid -- 4.2.2.1.2 Private Economic Operators of Third States Exporting to an Illegal Entity -- 4.2.2.1.3 Non-preferential Imports to the Third State -- 4.2.2.1.4 Preferential Imports to the Third State -- 4.2.2.1.4.1 Extension of a Preferential Trade to Illegally Occupied or Annexed Territories.

4.2.2.1.4.2 Extension of a Preferential Regime to an Illegal Secessionist Entity -- 4.2.2.2 Other Dealings with Illegal Secessionist Entities -- 4.2.3 Official Acts of an Illegal Secessionist Entity -- 4.2.3.1 Starting Premise: Rule on Illegality and Invalidity of Official Acts -- 4.2.3.2 Namibia Exception in the Practice of Municipal Courts -- 4.2.3.2.1 Defining the Underlying Tension -- 4.2.3.2.2 Scope of the Namibia Exception Ratione Personae -- 4.2.3.2.3 Namibia Exception's Scope Ratione Materiae -- 4.2.3.2.3.1 Basic Outline -- 4.2.3.2.3.2 Namibia Exception in the Context of Trading -- 4.2.3.2.3.3 Property Transfers Deriving from Expropriation -- 4.2.3.3 Namibia Exception in the ECtHR's Case Law -- 4.2.3.3.1 Different Uses of the Namibia Exception -- 4.2.3.3.2 Attribution Test -- 4.2.3.3.3 Legitimation of Peremptory Illegality -- 4.3 Policy and Normative Conflicts Raised by the Duty of Non-recognition -- 5 Conclusion -- Chapter 8 Consequences of Change of Effective Territorial Control -- 1 Introduction -- 2 International Humanitarian Law -- 2.1 Extra-Territorial Intervention into a Non-international Armed Conflict -- 2.1.1 Internationalisation of NIAC: Parameters of Overall Control Test -- 2.1.2 State Responsibility in the Context of Internationalised NIAC -- 2.2 Foreign Control in the Context of Occupation -- 2.2.1 Effective Control Test in Belligerent Occupation -- 2.2.2 Occupation by Proxy: Underlying Rationales and Key Parameters -- 2.2.3 State Responsibility in the Context of Occupation -- 3 International Human Rights Law -- 3.1 Illegal Secessionist Entity -- 3.2 Position of a Controlling Third State -- 3.2.1 Extra-territorial Jurisdiction under echr: Effective Control -- 3.2.1.1 Jurisdiction in International Human Rights Treaties and echr -- 3.2.1.2 Overview of the ECtHR Case Law.

3.2.1.3 Summary of Key Parameters of Effective Control Test.