Arbitrary Withholding of Consent to Humanitarian Relief in Non-international Armed Conflict : : Legal Regulations and Consequences / / Vijitha Veerakatty.

• Superior document: Human Rights and Humanitarian Law E-Books Online, Collection 2024
• VerfasserIn: Veerakatty, Vijitha,
• Place / Publishing House: Leiden ;, Boston : : Brill | Nijhoff,, 2024.; ©2024
• Year of Publication: 2024
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Series: Human Rights and Humanitarian Law E-Books Online, Collection 2024.; International Humanitarian Law Series ; 69
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (377 pages)

The open access publication of this book has been published with the support of the Swiss National Science Foundation. How to legally assess the situation when humanitarian actors in non-international armed conflicts are arbitrarily denied access to the affected civilian population? The book answers this question from the perspective of the five main actors involved in humanitarian relief in non-international armed conflicts: the affected State, non-State armed groups, humanitarian actors, non-belligerent States and the affected civilian population. It examines the legal regulations and consequences for each of these actors. In doing so, the book not only draws attention to existing legal gaps and challenges, but also encourages readers to rethink outdated legal concepts and discuss new approaches.

Table of Contents

Front Cover -- Half Title -- Series Information -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- 1 Current Situation -- 2 Conditions for Providing Humanitarian Relief -- 3 Can Consent to Relief Operations Be Withheld? -- 4 Aims of this Book -- 5 Structure of the Book -- Part 1 International Humanitarian Relief in Non-international Armed Conflicts -- Chapter 1 Actors Involved in Relief Actions -- 1 Affected State -- 2 Non-state Armed Groups -- 2.1 Characteristics -- 2.2 Definition -- 2.3 With and without Territorial Control -- 2.4 Responsible Organ or Functionary -- 3 Humanitarian Actors -- 3.1 In General -- 3.2 Types of Humanitarian Actors -- 3.2.1 Third States -- 3.2.2 International Relief Organisations -- 3.2.3 Non-governmental Relief Organisations -- 3.2.4 The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) -- 4 Non-belligerent States -- 5 Civilians -- Chapter 2 Legal Framework -- 1 Overview -- 2 Relevant Laws and Principles -- 2.1 The Principles of State Sovereignty and Non-interference -- 2.2 International Humanitarian Law (IHL) -- 2.2.1 Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocols -- 2.2.2 Customary Law -- 2.2.3 Fundamental Principles of IHL -- 2.3 Humanitarian Principles -- 2.4 International Human Rights Law -- 2.4.1 Application of ihrl and ihl during Armed Conflicts -- 2.4.2 Relevant IHRL Provisions -- 2.5 International Criminal Law -- Chapter 3 The Concept of Humanitarian Relief -- 1 Historical Perspective -- 2 Defining Humanitarian Relief -- 2.1 Characteristics of Humanitarian Relief -- 2.2 Distinction from Other Forms of Aid during Armed Conflicts -- 2.2.1 Development Assistance -- 2.2.2 Peace-Keeping Missions -- 3 Implementation of International Humanitarian Relief -- 3.1 Negotiating Humanitarian Access -- 3.2 Crossline and Cross-Border Provision.

3.3 Requirement of Protection, Humanitarian Spaces and Corridors -- 3.4 Coordination of Relief -- 4 Dilemma: Principle of 'Do No Harm' -- Chapter 4 Situations of Non-international Armed Conflict -- 1 Definition -- 2 Distinction from Internal Tensions and Disturbances -- 2.1 Intensity of Violence -- 2.2 Organisation of the Conflict Parties -- 3 Distinction from International Armed Conflict -- 3.1 Conflict Parties -- 3.2 Territorial Scope -- 3.3 Internationalisation -- 3.3.1 Intervention with Troops -- 3.3.2 Control over Armed Group -- Part 2 Rights and Duties of the Actors Involved in Relief Actions -- Chapter 5 Introduction -- Chapter 6 Rights and Duties of the Affected State -- 1 State's Sovereignty as a Core Principle -- 2 Rights and Duties -- 2.1 Primary Responsibility to Provide Humanitarian Relief -- 2.1.1 In General -- 2.1.2 In Situations of Armed Conflict -- 2.2 Right to Non-interference -- 2.3 Requirement of Consent -- 2.3.1 In General -- 2.3.2 For Areas under Effective Control of Armed Groups -- 2.3.3 In Case of a Failed State -- 2.4 Right to Withhold Consent to Humanitarian Relief -- 2.5 Obligation Not to Withhold Consent for Arbitrary Reasons -- 2.6 Duty to Allow Entrance and Facilitate Passage -- 2.6.1 Allow Entrance -- 2.6.2 Facilitate Rapid and Unimpeded Passage -- 2.7 Right to Prescribe Technical Arrangements and Restrictions -- 2.8 Obligation to Respect and Protect Relief Personnel and Consignments -- 2.9 Duty to Respect and Protect Civilians -- Chapter 7 Rights and Duties of Non-state Armed Groups -- 1 Bound to International Law -- 1.1 Bound by IHL -- 1.1.1 Application of ihl Treaty Law -- 1.1.1.1 Intention to Bind Armed Groups -- 1.1.1.2 Theory of 'De Facto Authority' -- 1.1.1.3 Theory of 'Legislative Jurisdiction' -- 1.1.2 Application of Customary IHL -- 1.2 Bound by IHRL -- 1.2.1 Applicability of IHRL to Armed Groups.

1.2.1.1 Legal Necessity for Applying IHRL to Armed Groups -- 1.2.1.2 Asserting Practice on Applicability of Human Rights Law to Armed Groups -- 1.2.2 Application of IHRL Treaties to Armed Groups -- 1.2.2.1 Intention to Bind Armed Groups? -- 1.2.2.2 Theory of 'De Facto Authority' -- 1.2.3 Application of Customary IHRL -- 1.3 Special Commitments by Non-state Armed Groups -- 1.3.1 Special Agreements -- 1.3.2 Codes of Conduct -- 1.3.3 Unilateral Declarations -- 1.3.4 Deeds of Commitment and Geneva Call -- 2 Rights and Duties -- 2.1 Obligation to Provide Humanitarian Relief -- 2.2 Requirement of Consent -- 2.3 Obligation Not to Withhold Consent on Arbitrary Grounds -- 2.4 Obligation to Allow and Facilitate Relief Actions -- 2.5 Right to Prescribe Technical Arrangements and Restrict -- 2.6 Obligation to Respect and Protect Humanitarian Actors, Relief Consignments and Civilians -- Chapter 8 Rights and Duties of Humanitarian Actors -- 1 Adherence to Humanitarian Principles -- 1.1 Humanity -- 1.2 Impartiality -- 1.3 Independence -- 1.4 Neutrality -- 2 Rights and Duties -- 2.1 Right and Duty to Perform Relief Actions -- 2.2 Right to Offer and Duty to Respect the Requirement of Consent -- 2.3 Duty to Respect the Prescribed Arrangements and Restrictions -- 2.4 Right to Respect and Protection -- 2.4.1 Protection of Humanitarian Personnel -- 2.4.2 Protection of Humanitarian Relief Consignments -- Chapter 9 Rights and Duties of Non-belligerent States -- 1 Cooperation with Humanitarian Actors -- 2 Rights and Duties -- 2.1 Requirement of Consent and Right to Withhold Consent -- 2.2 Obligation Not to Withhold Consent on Arbitrary Grounds -- 2.3 Obligation to Allow and Facilitate -- 2.4 Right to Prescribe Technical Arrangements -- Chapter 10 Rights and Duties of Civilians -- 1 Right to Respect and Protection -- 2 A Right to Receive Humanitarian Relief?.

3 Duty Not to Take Part in Hostilities and Impede Relief Actions -- Part 3 Arbitrary Withholding of Consent to Relief Operations -- Chapter 11 Characteristics of Withholding of Consent -- 1 Withholding and Withdrawing of Consent -- 2 Forms of Expression -- 2.1 Explicit Withholding and Withdrawing -- 2.2 Implicit Withholding -- 2.3 Implicit Withdrawing -- Chapter 12 Prohibition of Arbitrary Withholding of Consent -- 1 Legal Basis -- 1.1 Rule of Customary Law -- 1.2 Grammatical and Effective Interpretation of ap s -- 1.3 Historical Perspective -- 1.4 Subsequent State Practice and Agreements -- 2 Assessing Arbitrariness -- 2.1 Distinction from a Valid Refusal -- 2.2 Situations of Arbitrary Withholding of Consent -- 2.2.1 No Legitimate Aim -- 2.2.2 Violation of Other Obligations of the Concerned Conflict Party with Respect to the Civilian Population -- 2.2.3 Violation of the Principle of Necessity and Proportionality -- 2.2.4 In Other Way Inappropriate under International Law -- Chapter 13 Violation of Other International Obligations -- 1 Relevant Breaches of Law -- 2 Breaches of IHL Obligations -- 2.1 Humane Treatment as a Basic Principle -- 2.2 Prohibition of Starvation of the Civilian Population -- 2.3 Prohibition of Collective Punishments -- 2.4 Prohibition of Adverse Distinction -- 2.5 Prohibition of Violence to Life and Person -- 2.5.1 Murder -- 2.5.2 Torture -- 2.5.3 Cruel Treatment -- 3 Breaches of IHRL Obligations -- 3.1 Prohibition of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman Treatment -- 3.1.1 Legal Sources and Definition -- 3.1.2 Consideration of Degrading Treatment -- 3.1.3 Duty of Omission and Duty to Fulfil -- 3.1.3.1 In General -- 3.1.3.2 Withholding of Consent as an Act of Action and Omission -- 3.1.3.3 A Duty to Fulfil and Provide Relief -- 3.1.4 Severity of Suffering and Pain -- 3.2 Prohibition of Discrimination.

3.3 Fundamental Human Rights Guarantees -- 3.3.1 Right to Life -- 3.3.2 Substantive Human Rights -- 3.3.2.1 Right to Food -- 3.3.2.2 Right to Water and Sanitation -- 3.3.2.3 Right to Adequate Accommodation -- 3.3.3 Right to Health -- 4 Breaches under International Criminal Law -- 4.1 Arbitrary Withholding of Consent as a War Crime -- 4.1.1 War Crimes in General -- 4.1.2 Murder, Torture and Cruel Treatment -- 4.1.3 Starvation of Civilians -- 4.1.3.1 Amendment of Article 8 of the Rome Statute -- 4.1.3.2 Reasons for Including the Crime of Starvation for Situations of Non-international Armed Conflict -- 4.1.3.3 Elements of Starvation under the Rome Statute -- 4.2 Withholding of Consent as a Crime against Humanity -- 4.2.1 Crimes against Humanity in General -- 4.2.2 Offences, in Particular Torture and Extermination -- 4.3 Withholding of Consent as Genocide -- 4.3.1 Definition of Genocide and Required Intention -- 4.3.2 Offences, in Particular Killing and Causing Serious Harm -- Part 4 Legal Consequences of Arbitrary Withholding of Consent -- Chapter 14 Introduction -- Chapter 15 Accountability of the Affected State -- 1 State Responsibility -- 1.1 Constitutive Elements -- 1.2 Scope of Application -- 1.3 Consequences of State Responsibility -- 1.3.1 Cessation and Reparation -- 1.3.2 Invocation -- 2 Responsibility for Violations of Human Rights Treaties -- 2.1 In General -- 2.2 Individual Complaint Procedure and Monitoring Mechanisms -- 3 Individual Responsibility under Criminal Law -- Chapter 16 Accountability of Non-state Armed Groups -- 1 No Direct Responsibility of the Armed Group -- 2 Determination of Breaches within Monitoring Mechanisms -- 2.1 Addressing Breaches of Non-state Armed Groups -- 2.2 Attribution of an Act to Armed Groups -- 3 Individual Responsibility of the Members of the Armed Group -- 3.1 Under International Criminal Law.

3.2 Judicial System of Armed Groups.