Sports and Human Rights.

• Superior document: Interdisciplinary Studies in Human Rights Series ; v.10
• Author: Boillet, Véronique.
• TeilnehmendeR: Weerts, Sophie.; Ziegler, Andreas R.
• Place / Publishing House: Cham : : Springer International Publishing AG,, 2024.; ©2024.
• Year of Publication: 2024
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Series: Interdisciplinary Studies in Human Rights Series
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (355 pages)

Table of Contents

Intro -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- Introduction -- 1 The `Autonomy´ of Sports Governing Bodies -- 2 Sport, Sports Governing Bodies and Athletes in International Human Rights -- 3 The Swiss Connection of Sports Governing Bodies -- 4 Overview of Chapters -- References -- `But you´re ok´ British South Asians and Regulatory Barriers to Participation in Sport -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Race and Cricket -- 3 British South Asians -- 4 Lived Experience -- 5 Sport Inclusion Strategies -- 6 Law as an Effective Tool or Barrier -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- Gendered Athletes in Sports: CEDAW´s Role in Tackling Heterosexist and Racialized Uniforms in Sports -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Gendered Sporting System -- 3 Heterosexist and Racialized Clothing Regulations -- 4 International Human Rights Law and Gendered Clothing Regulations -- 4.1 Mechanisms: How to Use CEDAW to Address Gender Discrimination in Sports -- 4.2 Recourse to CEDAW: Questions of Jurisdiction -- 4.3 Due Diligence Obligations: Regulating the Actions of Sports Federations -- 4.4 De Facto Equality: Sports as an Unequal Practice -- 4.5 Stereotyping: Tackling the Gender Binary in Sports Through CEDAW Article 5 -- 4.6 Intersectionality: Tackling Multiple Forms of Discrimination in Sports -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- #MeToo, Sport, and Women: Foul, Own Goal, or Touchdown? Online Abuse of Women in Sport as a Contemporary Issue -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Online Abuse of Women in Sport: The Problem -- 2.1 Toxic, Masculine Culture -- 2.2 The Impact of Online Abuse on Sportswomen -- 2.3 Online Harms, OVAW and Sports Regulation: Towards a Level Playing Field? -- 3 A Safer Internet for Women: Responses, Reactions and Rehabilitation? -- 3.1 Legal Responses vs. Governing Bodies´ Obligations? -- 3.2 Online Safety and Content Moderation -- 4 Sport and #MeToo: A Watershed Moment?.

5 Conclusion: Foul, Own Goal, Touchdown? -- References -- Hormonal Eligibility Criteria in Women´s Professional Sports Under the ECHR: The Case of Caster Semenya v. Switzerland -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Hormonal Eligibility Criteria in Women´s Professional Sports in Context -- 2.1 Persisting Structural Sex and Gender Discrimination in Sports -- 2.2 Intersectionality and Racialized Constructions of Womanhood -- 2.3 The Erroneous Universality of Binary Sex and Rising International Attention for the Bodily Integrity of Persons with VSC -- 2.4 HEC for Women´s Sports Competitions and Their Scientific Basis -- 3 Hormonal Eligibility Requirements as Inhuman and Degrading Treatment Under Article 3 ECHR -- 4 Positive Obligations Under Article 8 ECHR in the Context of Hormonal Eligibility Requirements -- 4.1 Scope of the State´s Positive Obligation and Margin of Appreciation -- 4.2 Balance Between General Interests and Private Interests in Cases Concerning HEC for Sports Competitions -- 4.2.1 The General Interest of Ensuring Fairness in Sports -- 4.2.2 The Lack of Meaningful Informed Consent to Medical (Hormonal) Treatment -- 4.2.3 Impact on an Athlete´s Access to Chosen Profession -- 5 HEC and (Intersectional) Discrimination Under the ECHR -- 5.1 Discrimination on the Basis of Sex Characteristics -- 5.2 Intersectional Discrimination on the Basis of Gender, Race, and Sexual Orientation -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Filipinos First? Exploring Xenophobia and Its Legal Remedies in Philippine Amateur Basketball -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Introduction to Philippine Basketball -- 3 Philippine Basketball Policies and Regulation -- 4 Impact of Discriminatory Treatment on FSAs -- 4.1 Legal Remedies for FSA Discrimination -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Respecting the Right to Nationality in International Sport -- 1 Introduction.

2 Classification on the Basis of Nationality -- 2.1 The Nationality Classification System in International Sport -- 2.2 The Prohibition of Discrimination on the Basis of Nationality -- 3 Multiple Nationalities and Change of Nationality -- 3.1 Election and Change of Nationality Rules -- 3.2 The Right to a Nationality -- 3.3 The Right to Change Nationality -- 3.4 Change of Nationality and the Prohibition of National Origin Discrimination -- 4 Legitimacy and Proportionality of Nationality Rules -- 4.1 Identifying Possible Legitimate Aims of Nationality Rules -- 4.2 Assessing the Proportionality of Nationality Rules -- 5 Conclusion -- Cases and Documents -- References -- Athlete Activism at the Olympics: Challenging the Legality of Rule 50 as a Restriction on Freedom of Expression -- 1 The Rise of Athlete Activism -- 2 Athlete Activism at the Olympic Games -- 3 The Evolution of the Restrictions Imposed on Athlete Activism at the Olympic Games -- 4 The Re-Emergence of the Athlete Activist and the IOC´s Rule 50 Guidance -- 5 The application of Rule 50 at Tokyo 2020 -- 5.1 Clear Breaches of Rule 50 -- 5.2 Apparent Breaches of Rule 50, But No Action Taken -- 5.3 No breach of Rule 50 -- 6 The Different Routes to Challenging a Punishment for Breaching Rule 50 -- 7 Does the Application of Rule 50 to Athlete Activism at Tokyo 2020 Breach Article 10 ECHR? -- 7.1 Is Rule 50 an Interference with the Athlete´s Freedom of Expression? -- 7.2 Is the Interference Caused by Rule 50 Prescribed by Law? -- 7.3 Does the Interference Caused by Rule 50 Serve a Legitimate Aim? -- 7.4 Is the Interference Caused by Rule 50 Necessary and Proportionate in a Democratic Society to Achieve the Legitimate Aim? -- 7.5 Does Rule 50 Unlawfully Interfere with Athletes´ Freedom of Expression? -- 8 Conclusion -- Case List -- Court of Arbitration for Sport -- European Court of Human Rights.

Swiss Federal Supreme Court -- US District Court for the District of Oregon -- References -- The Incompatibility of Banning Political Speech in Sports with the Right to Freedom of Expression Under the European Conventio... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Nature and Extent of the Blanket Ban on Political Speech in Sports -- 2.1 The International Arena -- 2.2 Turkish Football -- 2.3 Categorical Ban on Political Statements as a Universal Standard of Sports Governance -- 2.3.1 Personal Scope of Ban -- 2.3.2 Material Scope of Ban -- 2.3.3 Medium and Form-Related Scope of Ban -- 2.3.4 Spatial Scope of Ban -- 2.3.5 Temporal Scope of Ban -- 2.3.6 SGBs That Have Adopted a Ban on Political Speech -- 2.3.7 Intermediate Result -- 3 Response of ECtHR to the Problem: Naki Case -- 3.1 Freedom of Expression Cases Before ECtHR in the Context of Sport -- 3.1.1 Kevin Maguire v. The United Kingdom -- 3.1.2 Simunic v. Croatia -- 3.1.3 Sedat Doğan v. Turkey, lbrahim Tokmak v. Turkey, and A.M. v. Turkey -- 3.2 Naki Case -- 4 Insufficiency of the ECtHR´s Procedural Review Approach in the Naki Case -- 4.1 Weakness of the Procedural Review -- 4.2 Total Ban on Political Speech Does Not Meet Clarity, Certainty, and Foreseeability Criteria -- 4.3 Interference (Total Ban) Does Not Pursue Legitimate Aims -- 4.4 Proportionality of Total Ban on Political Speech -- 5 Implications of ECtHR´s Rulings Concerning Freedom of Expression in Sports -- 5.1 Rulings Involving Türkiye -- 5.1.1 Subjective Effects: Rulings of ECtHR as a Retrial Reason in Turkish Sports Law -- 5.1.2 Objective Effects of ECtHR Rulings -- 5.2 Effects on General Sports Law and Governance -- 6 Conclusion: Opening Pandora´s Box for Sports Law -- References -- Freedom of Expression of Athletes and Players: The Current and Potential Role of the European Court of Human Rights as a Watch... -- 1 Introduction.

2 The Issues Decided by the ECtHR so Far -- 2.1 The Simunić Case: The Limits of Freedom of Expression -- 2.2 Three Judgments Against Turkey Delivered on 18 May 2021: Confirmation of a Procedural Approach -- 2.3 Conclusion of Part 1 -- 3 Political Neutrality in Sport and Potential Conflicts with Article 10 ECHR -- 3.1 Preliminary Observations -- 3.2 The Principle of Political Neutrality -- 3.3 Theoretical Considerations -- 3.3.1 Margin of Appreciation Doctrine -- 3.3.2 Narrow Margin of Appreciation Regarding Matters of Public Interest -- 3.3.3 Increased `Duties and Responsibilities´ of Athletes Due to Their Social Status -- 3.4 Case Study: Comparison Between the CAS and the ECtHR Approach Regarding Calls for Boycott -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- The Court of Arbitration for Sport under Human Rights Scrutiny: The Role of the Swiss Federal Tribunal and the European Court ... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The SFT´s Handling of Human Rights Claims with Respect to CAS Awards -- 2.1 Setting the Scene: SFT´s Review of International Arbitral Awards -- 2.2 Human Rights Jurisprudence Leaking Into SFT Decisions -- 2.3 Procedural Requirements of Fair Trial According to Art. 6 ECHR -- 2.4 Application of Substantive Safeguards of the ECHR -- 2.5 Personality Rights as a Counterpart to Human Rights in Private Relationships -- 3 The CAS at the ECtHR -- 3.1 The Road to Strasbourg: Switzerland´s Responsibility for the CAS -- 3.2 Assessing the Compatibility of CAS Proceedings with the ECHR: The Mutu and Pechstein Judgment -- 3.2.1 The CAS Arbitration Clause as an Insufficient Waiver of the Safeguards of Article 6(1) ECHR -- 3.2.2 The Independence and Impartiality of the CAS -- 3.2.3 The Publicity of CAS Hearings -- 3.3 Assessing the Compatibility of CAS Awards with the ECHR: The Platini and Semenya Cases.

3.3.1 The Platini Decision: Granting Switzerland a Broad Margin of Appreciation in Its Review of CAS Awards.