Samoan archaeology and cultural heritage : : monuments and people, memory and history / / Helene Martinsson-Wallin.

• VerfasserIn: Martinsson-Wallin, Helene,
• Place / Publishing House: Oxford, England : : Archaeopress Archaeology,, [2016]; ©2016
• Year of Publication: 2016
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (x, 186 pages) :; illustrations, maps

The overall purpose of this book is to provide a foundation for Samoan students to become the custodians of the historical narrative based on Archaeological research.

Table of Contents

Cover -- Copyright Information -- Contents -- List of Figures -- Preface -- Archaeology in Samoa - setting the stage -- The outline of a first prehistoric sequence -- Background -- The Natural environment -- Accounts of early survey and excavations -- Samoan Field Monuments and Finds -- Chronology and Settlement Pattern -- Research issues -- Chapter 1 -- Figure 1.1. Map of the Samoan islands. -- Figure 1.2. Map of the distribution of the various Lapita pottery groups. -- Figure 1.3. The Prehistory room at the National Museum of Samoa (Fale mata'aga) re-furbishing 2013. From left Mikael Hannikanien, Ailini Ah Ken, Mainifo Nua Viliamu, Helene Martinsson-Wallin, Mira Lumbye, Lumepa Apelu -- Figure 1.4. Map of the Independent State of Samoa showing areas of archaeological investigations. -- Figure 1.5. The Letolo survey that was made by Gregory Jackmond in 1977-78. Original documentation is on file at Auckland War Memorial Museum. -- Figure 1.6. Type I adze (occur both early and late) after Green and Davidson's definition 1969 b. -- Figure 1.7. Type V adze (early type) after Green and Davidson's definition 1969b -- Figure 1.8. Type X adze (late type) after Green and Davidson's definition 1969b -- Figure 1:9a) Excavation at Laupule mound 2010, Archaeology students Samantha Kwan and Lafaeli Eli, 1.9b) Excavation at Fale o le fee 2007, Archaeology students, Akuso Kafe, Silau Vagai, and John Kalolo (photos Helene Martinsson-Wallin). -- Chapter 2 -- The Pulemelei mound site investigations 2002-2004 -- Introduction -- The investigations had the following aims: -- Clearing, mapping and test-excavation 2002 -- The main mound -- Connected mound to the north of Pulemelei -- Test excavations at the site -- Trench 1 -- Collection of charcoal sample from the top platform -- Clearing, mapping, excavation and ceremony 2003 -- Ceremony at Pulemelei.

The 2003 excavation -- Main Mound: foundation excavation -- Trench 1 -- Trench 2 -- Trench 3 -- Trench 4 -- Trench 8 -- Excavation of umutī -- South house platform -- Trench 7 -- Trench 5 -- Test pits and stone piles -- Archaeological excavation and remote sensing 2004 -- Main Mound: excavations of the west stairway and top platform -- Trench 13 -- Trench 16 -- South platform extension -- Trench 7B -- Trench 9 -- Trench 10 -- Trench 11 -- Trench 12 -- Test pits 12, 13, 14 -- Trench 14 -- Excavation of the North mound -- Trench 15 -- Clearing and excavation at Pa Tonga -- Trench 1 -- Trench 2 and 3 -- Summary of the geophysical survey -- Conclusion and Results of the Investigations -- The construction of the mound -- Settlement activity (or activities) -- Finds -- The North mound and umutī -- The Pa Tonga site -- Pulemelei site history -- Early settlement 200 BC-1100 AD -- Mound construction 1100-1400 AD -- Figure 2.1. Survey map of archaeological remains in southern Savai'i and the location of Letolo plantation. Pulemelei mound is SS-Le-1 (after Scott 1969). -- Figure 2.2. Detail of Letolo plantation. New plantation road is dashed and old road is the solid line (after Scott 1969). -- (photo Helene Martinsson-Wallin). (1) -- Figure 2.3. a) Pulemeli 1965 (photo: Stuart Scott with permission from University of Auckland photo archive), -- b) Pulemelei 2001 (photo Paul Wallin), c) Pulemelei 2004 (photo Helene Martinsson-Wallin), d) Pulemelei 2013 -- (photo Helene Martinsson-Wallin). (2) -- Figure 2.3. a) Pulemeli 1965 (photo: Stuart Scott with permission from University of Auckland photo archive), -- b) Pulemelei 2001 (photo Paul Wallin), c) Pulemelei 2004 (photo Helene Martinsson-Wallin), d) Pulemelei 2013 -- Figure 2.4. Archaeological digital map of Pulemelei mound and surrounding features (2002-2004).

Figure 2.5. a,b 3D-models of Pulemelei mound based on digital mapping (worked out by Geoffrey Clark). -- Figure 2.6. Pulemelei mound from the south side during extensive clearing in 2002 (photo Paul Wallin). -- Figure 2.7. Pulemelei mound from the east side during extensive clearing in 2002 (photo Paul Wallin). -- Figure 2.8. Plan and section drawing of test pit 1 with umu . -- Figure 2.9. Plan and section drawing of test pit 6. -- Figure 2.10. West section with ramp Trench 1. -- Figure 2.11. Trench 1 wall of first platform and foundation stones (photo Helene Martinsson-Wallin). -- Figure 2.12. Trench 1 section drawing, wall and foundation stones. -- Figure 2.13. Trench 1 plan and section drawing with feature 1, umu. -- Figure 2.14. Top platform section from clearing of -- tree stump. -- Figure 2.15. Ceremony at Pulemelei mound in 2003, si'a lighting of fire at the North mound (photo Bengt Jonsson Sebra film). -- (Photo Bengt Jonsson Sebra film). -- Figure 2.16. Ceremony at Pulemelei mound, precession of chiefs from Palauli area (photo Helene M-W). -- Figure 2.17. Sua presentation from the village of Asua at Tupua Tamaseses residence at Tuaefu close to Apia -- Figure 2.18. Presentation of coconuts with asi (sandalwood) oil from ceremony at Pulemelei mound and Siapo (bark cloth from Tonga) in honour of late Thor Heyerdahl to the Heyerdahl family at the Kon-Tiki Museum in 2004. Tupua Tamasese and Helene Martinsso -- Figure 2.19. Trench 1 B plan drawings of level 1-2. -- Figure 2.20. Trench 2 a) section drawing of wall and foundation stones of the initial platform, b) photo of section and Helene Martinsson-Wallin (photo Paul Wallin). -- Figure 2.21. Trench 3 entrance way to the west side of the mound/platform. -- Figure 2.22. Adze preform of basalt found in trench 3 at the early entrance way.

Figure 2.23. a) North section of trench 3, b) east section of trench 3. -- (photo Bjørnar Storfjell). -- Figure 2.24. Samples of pot sherds from trench 3 -- Figure 2.25. Earth oven (umu) in trench 3 (photo Helene Martinsson-Wallin). -- Figure 2.26. a) Section drawing of earth oven (umu) in trench 5, b) Photo of earth oven in trench 5 (photo Helene Martinsson-Wallin. -- Figure 2.27. Plan drawing of South Platform. -- Figure 2.28. a) Trench 6 plan drawing level 1 b) Trench 6 plan drawing cultural layer. -- Figure 2.29. Trench 6 section drawing. -- Figure 2.30. Trench 7 plan drawings, a) level 1 (0-10cm) with curb stones and part of pavement of house foundation of round ended house, b) level 2 (-10-20cm) pavement stones and scattered charcoal, c) level 3 (-20-40cm) early cultural layer with top of e -- Figure 2.31. Trench 7 section west and south drawings. -- Figure 2.32. Excavation of trench 7 (photo Helene Martinsson-Wallin). -- Figure 2.33. Chisel of basalt from early cultural layer in trench 7 (photo Helene Martinsson-Wallin). -- Figure 2.34. Plan drawing of west part of Pulemelei complex with trench 3, 13 and test pits 4-6. -- Figure 2.35. Photo of west entrance with line of ili'ili stones (indicated with arrow) that served as pavement of the first Pulemelei platform (photo Helene Martinsson-Wallin). -- Figure 2.36a) Plan and section drawing of earth oven under the mound in trench 13. b) Photo of small earth oven in trench 13 under the mound on the west side (photo Helene Martinsson-Wallin). -- Figure 2.37. Plan drawing of trench 13 ground level. -- Figure 2.38. a)Top platform trench 16 with ili'ili pavement (photo Helene Martinsson-Wallin), b) excavation of trench 16, section (photo Helene Martinsson-Wallin). -- Figure 2.39 Trench 7B. -- Figure 2.40. Trench 9. -- Figure 2.41. Trench 10. -- Figure 2.42.Trench 12. -- Figure 2.43. Trench 14.

Figure 2.44. Sections of South platform. -- Figure 2.45. Plan drawing of North mound area. -- Figure 2.46. Section though North mound trench 15 (photo Helene Martinsson-Wallin). -- Figure 2.47 Pa Tonga towards the east after clearing (photo Helene Martinsson-Wallin). -- Figure 2.48. Plan drawing of the location of trenches 1-3 at Pa Tonga. -- Figure 2.49. Mapping of Pa Tonga and its relationship to Pulemelei mound. -- Figure 2.50a. Applying the method of magnetometer Antoine de Biran on the left and Geoffrey Clark on the right (photo Helene Martinsson-Wallin).b. Georadar equipment at the top of Pulemelei and geophysisist Antoine de Biran (photo Helene Martinsson-Wallin -- Figure 2.51a-b Georadar analyses. (1) -- Figure 2.51a-b Georadar analyses. (2) -- Figure 2.52 a) Construction phases of Pulemelei mound, b) section of Pulemelei and North mound. -- Figure 2.53. Montage of Stone Adzes found at Pulemelei excavation a) Adze from trench 2 which was given as a coronation gift to the former King of Tonga George Tupou V in 2008, b) Adze preform from trench 3, c) Adze from trench 15 North mound, d) Chisel f -- Figure 2.54. Montage of some of the ceramic pot sherds found at Pulemelei excavation (drawing Paul Wallin). -- Figure 2.55. a) Samoan Crew in 2003 -- Aiolupo Setisefano( orman of the plantation, standing fifth from the right ) Latu Ageli (forman of the workers -- sitting to the left) Helene Martinsson-Wallin (standing to the right): workers:Tuvale, Siaki, Fito, Sefo, -- Chapter 3 -- Figure 3.1. The location of the Mulifanua Lapita site and other areas that have been suggested by Green and Dickenson (1998) to be areas where other Lapita sites could be possible to locate. -- Prehistoric settlement patterns in Samoa - the Letolo -- plantation revisited -- Settlement patterns in Samoa -- A narrative of a possible proto-historic settlement pattern.

Excavation of structures SS-Le, 709, 721, 724 and 725 at Letolo plantation.