Bioarchaeology and Dietary Reconstruction Across Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages in Tuscany, Central Italy / / Giulia Riccomi.

• VerfasserIn: Riccomi, Giulia,
• Place / Publishing House: Oxford : : Archaeopress,, 2021.; ©2021.
• Year of Publication: 2021
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (192 pages)

This volume presents the first multidisciplinary bioarchaeological analysis to reconstruct life conditions in ancient Tuscany between Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. This was done through the examination of stress markers, including adult stature, periosteal reaction, cranial porosities, linear enamel hypoplasia and paleodietary reconstruction.

Table of Contents

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright page -- Contents Page -- List of Figures -- Figure 1. The Bioarchaeological model combines information from the biological and social sciences for a more holistic reconstruction of the past (Source: Author). -- Figure 2. The Reactive Scope Model proposed by Romero et al. 2009 (reproduced with permission 4950621142886, Elsevier) -- Figure 3. Stress model used for the evaluation of stress in skeletal populations (from Goodman and Armelagos 1989, reproduced with permission 4950640590243, Taylor and Francis) -- Figure 4. Map of European countries from which the osteological data included in 'The Backbone of Europe' were extracted (from Steckel et al. 2019b, p. 3, reproduced with permission PLSclear 44213, Cambridge University Press). -- Figure 5. Map of Regio VII Etruria during the Augustan era (1st century BC) (a) (from http://www.consiglio.regione.toscana.it/upload/COCCOINA/documenti/pannelli%20percorsi%20storici(2).pdf, retrieved 14/01/2019) -- Territorial extent of the province of Tusc -- Figure 6. Administrative subdivision of Italy in Late Antiquity (from Augenti 2016: 9) (a) -- Geographical boundary (grey line) between Tuscia annonaria in the north and Tuscia suburbicaria in the south of the region. The cities of Arezzo and Cortona (black -- Figure 7. Territorial extent of the Roman Empire divided in Western Empire (dark grey) and Eastern Empire (light grey) during the 5th century AD (from Ward-Perkins 2006: front endpaper, reproduced with permission PLSclear 44214 Oxford Publishing Limited). -- Figure 8. Scheme of the basic components of a Medieval village: settled area (grid) in which the basic unit is the mansus (i.e. a peasant's plot of land), field crops (oblique lines) and land for communal use (e.g. pasture and woodlands) (light grey) (fro.

Figure 9. Geographical location of the three archaeological sites in Tuscany (central Italy) (adapted from http://www.regione.toscana.it/-/geoscopio, CC BY licence, retrieved 14/01/2019). The black line indicates the ideal border between Tuscia annonaria -- Figure 10. Distribution of urban and suburban areas in the city of Pisa with surrounding countryside (green) during the Roman period. The area properly defined as urban was comprised between the Arno and Auser rivers (orange), while the suburban areas (da -- Figure 11. Map showing the ancient geography of the city of Pisa during the Roman period, elaborated by MAPPAgis (www.mappaproject.org/webgis, CC BY 3.0 licence, retrieved 07/02/2019). The necropolises are represented with pink and green dots, the Auser r -- Figure 12. Distribution of the 194 depositions in the two sectors Area A and Area B. Burial typologies are represented as follows: simple pit grave (white), simple pit grave with lithic/brick elements (orange) -- simple pit grave with amphora covering the l -- Figure 13. Via Marche necropolis, Area B. T. 42: simple pit grave (a) -- T. 135: simple pit grave with a delimitation consisting of lithic elements, roof tiles and bricks along one side of the burial (b) (from Paribeni et al. 2012, Via Marche/Via Abba-Scavo -- Figure 14. Via Marche necropolis, Area B. T. 24: non-adult in enchytrismòs (a) -- T. 13: adult individual contained in two amphorae cut and glued together at shoulder level (b) (from Paribeni et al. 2012, Via Marche/Via Abba-Scavo preventivo (Dataset), Pisa -- Figure 15. Via Marche necropolis, Area B. T. 41: capuchin tomb with double gable made of roof tiles, before excavation (from Paribeni et al. 2012, Via Marche/Via Abba-Scavo preventivo (Dataset), Pisa: MOD doi:10.4456/MAPPA.2012.28).

Figure 16. Via Marche necropolis. Area A. T. 108: Inhumation in wooden coffin with 11 iron nails along the body (four around the skull, two along the right and left sides of the skeleton and three at the feet, arrows). A glass balsamarium is also present -- Figure 17. Modern chapel dedicated to San Genesio. In 1841, Torello Pierazzi, bishop of San Miniato, commissioned an epigraphy with the following inscription: 'Ubi sacellum hoc hisque in agris pagus fuit olim insignis Vici Vallaris nomine prius deinde a S -- Figure 18. Vicus Wallari/borgo San Genesio. Necropolis dating back to the second half-end of the 6th century AD, representing the first funerary phase of the archaeological site. US 26078- SK 60, individual buried in a capuchin tomb with a bone comb as gr -- Figure 19. Vicus Wallari/borgo San Genesio. First phase of the necropolis mainly composed of capuchin tombs, a typical burial typology during the 6th century AD (© F. Cantini). -- Figure 20. Vicus Wallari/borgo San Genesio. Cemetery of the 8th-10th centuries AD, representing the second funerary phase of the site. US 2094-SK 12, simple pit grave with lithic elements in correspondence of the head (a) -- US 13032-SK 50, simple pit grave -- Figure 21. Borgo San Genesio. Cemetery of the 11th-mid 13th centuries AD representing the third funerary phase of the site. US 2049-SK 6, simple pit grave (a) -- collective burial with three individuals in a stone tomb (US 3100-SK 40, US 3097-SK 38 -- US 3095 -- Figure 22. Aerial photo of the archaeological site of Pieve di Pava (© 2020 FONDAZIONE PAVA, https://fondazionepava.it, retrieved 15/11/2020). -- Figure 23. Capuchin tomb US 13276 dating back to 376-420 AD which officially marked the new funerary function of the complex (© S. Campana).

Figure 24. Plan of the palaeo-Christian church of the 5th-6th centuries AD (adapted from Felici 2016c: 7, CC BY SA licence). -- Figure 25. Planimetry of the plebs during the first phase of renovation (6th-7th centuries AD) with indication of the modified baptismal font (black circle), the ambo (black square) and the 6th-century AD coin hoard (black dot) (right side) -- planimetry of -- Figure 26. Location of some burials of the 7th century AD (green pins) and of the elite burials. Female individual with rich grave goods (pink pin) -- male individual buried in the endonarthex (dark blue pin) (left side) -- privileged burial (light blue pin) -- Figure 27. Planimetry of the San Pietro plebs in the 10th-12th centuries AD showing a remarkable reduction of its extension and a less complex spatial organisation. The entrance is located on the eastern façade. Interventions during the proto-Romanesque p -- Figure 28. Series of inhumations of the proto-Romanesque phase (10th-12th centuries AD) of Pieve di Pava (a) -- example of a skeleton in a simple pit grave (b) -- example of a pit grave with bricks disposed along its left side (c) (© S. Campana). -- Figure 29. Distribution and comparison of API classes in the osteological samples of Late Antiquity (LA) and the Middle Ages (MA). Source: Author -- Figure 30. Distribution and comparison of QBI classes in the osteological samples of Late Antiquity (LA) and the Middle Ages (MA). Source: Author -- Figure 31. Correlation of API and QBI in the Late Antique and Medieval osteological samples. -- Figure 32. Demographic pattern considering all the age at death classes in the Late Antique urban necropolis of Via Marche. Source: Author -- Figure 33. Age at death distribution of the observed male and female adolescents and adult individuals from the Late Antique urban necropolis of Via Marche. Source: Author.

Figure 34. Demographic profile of the individuals from the Medieval rural contexts of vicus Wallari/borgo San Genesio and Pieve di Pava (pooled sexes). Source: Author -- Figure 35. Age at death distribution of the observed male and female adolescents and adult individuals from the Medieval rural contexts of vicus Wallari/borgo San Genesio and Pieve di Pava. Source: Author -- Figure 36. Comparison of male (M) and female (F) adulthood mortality in Late Antiquity (LA) and the Middle Ages (MA). Source: Author -- Figure 37. Adulthood mortality trend in Late Antiquity (LA) and the Middle Ages (MA) (pooled sexes). Source: Author -- Figure 38. Stature comparison between male and female subsamples in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages (red dots indicate the means). Source: Author -- Figure 39. CPR of affected individuals by periosteal reaction in the Late Antique urban necropolis of Via Marche. Source: Author -- Figure 40. Sex-specific TPR of periosteal reaction in the Late Antique urban necropolis of Via Marche. Source: Author -- Figure 41. Sex-specific TPR regarding the severity of periosteal reaction in the Late Antique urban necropolis of Via Marche. Source: Author -- Figure 42. Sex-specific TPR regarding the localisation of periosteal reaction in the Late Antique urban necropolis of Via Marche. Source: Author -- Figure 43. CPR of periosteal reaction in the Medieval rural contexts of vicus Wallari/borgo San Genesio and Pieve di Pava. Source: Author -- Figure 44. Sex-specific TPR of periosteal reaction in the Medieval rural contexts of vicus Wallari/borgo San Genesio and Pieve di Pava. Source: Author -- Figure 45. Sex-specific TPR regarding the severity of periosteal reaction in the Medieval rural contexts of vicus Wallari/borgo San Genesio and Pieve di Pava. Source: Author.

Figure 46. Sex-specific TPR regarding the localisation of periosteal reaction in the Medieval rural contexts of vicus Wallari/borgo San Genesio and Pieve di Pava. Source: Author.