Table of Contents: From Edessa to Urfa :

From Edessa to Urfa : : the Fortification of the Citadel / / Cristina Tonghini.

This book presents results of an archaeological research project focused on a specific monumental area, the citadel, in the city of Urfa (Turkey), known in ancient times as Edessa. Three seasons of fieldwork were carried out (2014-2016) in order to identify the building sequence of the citadel and e...

Full description

Saved in:

Bibliographic Details
VerfasserIn:	Tonghini, Cristina,
Place / Publishing House:	Oxford, England : : Archaeopress Publishing Ltd,, [2021] ©2021
Year of Publication:	2021
Edition:	First edition.
Language:	English
Physical Description:	1 online resource (270 pages)
Tags:	Add Tag No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!

Table of Contents:

Cover
Title Page
Copyright page
Contents Page
Acknowledgements
Conventions
Credits
Abstract
Özet
Chapter 1
Introduction
Introduction to the city, from Edessa to Urfa
Figure 1.1. General map of the area, with the location of Urfa
The citadel in previous studies
Medieval fortifications in the Near East: a personal itinerary from Shayzar to Urfa
Figure 1.3. Urfa city walls and citadel. After Niebuhr 1774-1778, 2: Pl. LI
Figure 1.4. General view of the citadel, from the N. Photo Tarducci
Figure 1.5. General view of the citadel, from the NE. Photo Tarducci
Figure 1.6. General view of the citadel, from the S. Photo Reali
Figure 1.7. The ditch on the eastern side, from the S
Figure 1.8. The present ascent to the gate of the citadel, from the NW
Figure 1.9. Modern circulation paths around the citadel, with Balıklıgöl park and the minaret of Maqām al-Khalīl on the right
The project: aim, methodology and the presentation of the results
Part 1
The fortification of the citadel: the written sources
Building and re-building: a summary of events
Chapter 2
Edessa and its fortifications in Byzantine times (6th-11th centuries)
The age of Justinian
The 7th century
The siege of Edessa of 944 and the translatio of the mandylion to Constantinople
The second half of the 10th century
The 11th century events
Figure 2.1. George Maniakes and the 'Saracens' fighting in Edessa: illumination in the chronicle of John Skylitzes (Madrid, Biblioteca Nacional de España, Vitr. 26-2, f. 205r - Imágen propiedad de la Biblioteca Nacional de España)
Bibliography
Chapter 3
The citadels and the city walls in the Syriac sources
The first millennium: of walls and floods.
The second millennium: Turks and Crusaders
Bibliography
Primary sources
Chapter 4
Edessa in Armenian sources
Appendix: Descriptions of Edessa's fortifications in Matthew's Chronicle
Bibliography
Chapter 5
The citadel of al-Ruhā' in the Arabic sources: an overview
The early Islamic period (7th-10th centuries)
The middle Islamic period (11th-14th centuries)
Bibliography
Chapter 6
The fortifications of Edessa in medieval Latin sources
Concerning the cities of the Persians in the Promised Land, especially Edessa or Roas, its conquest, and the war that the Christians are preparing
Appendix: 'The cities of the Persians in the Promised Land, especially Edessa or Roas, its conquest, and the war that the Christians are preparing' (1146)
Bibliography
Chapter 7
Ruhā in the Persian sources: an elusive presence
Bibliography
Chapter 8
The citadel of Urfa in the Ottoman written sources
Introduction
A note on terminology and sources
Before the Ottomans
In the 16th century
In the 17th century
In the 18th and 19th centuries
Table 1.
Bibliography
Part 2
The inscriptions from the citadel
Chapter 9
Notes on some Greek inscriptions from Edessa
Figure 9.1. Urfa, Harran Gate: Greek inscription, detail. From the S
Figure 9.3. Greek inscription no. 2
Figure 9.2. Eastern curtain, interior, from the W: location of Greek inscription no. 2
Figure 9.5. Greek inscription no. 3
Figure 9.4. Southern curtain, interior, from the N: location of Greek inscription no. 3
Bibliography
Chapter 10
The Arabic inscriptions of the citadel of al-Ruhā' (Urfa/Şanlıurfa)
Abbasids
Figure 10.1. General map of the citadel, with location of the inscriptions discussed in Ch. 10
Figure 10.2. The eastern column, from the N.
Figure 10.3. The Arabic inscription no. 1 carved on the eastern column
Mamluks
Figure 10.4. Southern curtain, general view of the eastern part of inscription no. 2, from the S
Figure 10.5. Southern curtain, general view of the western part of inscription no. 2, from the SE
Aq Qoyunlu
Figure 10.6. Inscription no. 2: detail of first part
Figure 10.7. Inscription no. 2: detail of central part
Figure 10.8. Inscription no. 2: detail of last part
Figure 10.9. Northern curtain, inscription no. 3. Photo E. Reali
Figure 10.11. Recognisable symbol inside the medallion (drawing by R. Giunta, 2016)
Figure 10.12. Tughra of Uzun Ḥasan (from Sözen 1981: frontispiece)
Figure 10.10. Inscription no. 4. Photo E. Reali
Figure 10.13. Tower 2, inscription no. 5. Photo E. Reali
Figure 10.14. Northern curtain, inscription no. 5 (drawing by R. Giunta, 2016)
Figure 10.15. Mārdīn, symbol/tughra of Uzun Ḥasan on the tower of the citadel (drawing by R. Giunta, 2016)
Figure 10.16. Mārdīn, symbol/tughra of Uzun Ḥasan on the mosque minaret (drawing by R. Giunta, 2016)
Table 1. Inscriptions of Abū'l-Naṣr Ḥasan in the Anatolian area.
Ottomans
Table 2. Main formulaic elements of inscriptions of Abū'l-Naṣr Ḥasan in the Anatolian area.
Figure 10.17. Northern curtain, inscription no. 6
Figure 10.18. Eastern curtain, block from inscription no. 6, final part
Figure 10.19. Photographic reconstruction of inscription no. 6 (R. Giunta)
Figure 10.21. Epigraphic cartouche no. 8, west of inscription no. 6
Figure 10.20. Tower 3, Inscription no. 7
Figure 10.22. Epigraphic band between two epigraphic cartouches. © Creswell Archive, Ashmolean Museum, neg. EA.CA.6607, detail
Other
Figure 10.23. Southern curtain, epigraphic block no. 9, from the S
Figure 10.24. Epigraphic block no. 9. Photo L. Tarducci.
Figure 10.25. Southern curtain, epigraphic block no. 10, reused upside down
Figure 10.26. Epigraphic block no. 10
Bibliography
Table 3. Inscriptions of al-Ruhā' in chronological order (those of the city in italics on grey background).
Part 3
The Fortification of the Citadel: the Material Evidence
The archaeological analysis
The site
Field-work methodology
Presentation of the results
Chapter 11
The material evidence: Period 1 (post 3rd-6th centuries?)
Chronology
Figure 11.1. General map of the citadel with distribution of Phases and Activities in Period 1
Figure 11.2. Western city wall, remains of gate IV, from the W
Figure 11.3. Western city wall, gate IV, detail of dressing
Figure 11.4. Southern city wall, remains west of Bab Harran, from the S
Figure 11.5. Southern city wall, tower west of Bab Harran, from the E
Figure 11.6. Western city wall, remains of tower north of Balıklıgöl park, from the S
Figure 11.7. Southern city wall, Harran gate, from the S
The archaeological analysis (Figure 11.1)
Figure 11.8. Wall US 446 (A. 1), behind Tower 3 and entrance to the internal passage. From the S
Figure 11.9. Tower 1: remains of the western city wall (US 500, A. 2) abutted by later structures, from the N
Figure 11.10. Eastern wall, south corner (US 200, A. 3), with cuts in the rock. From the NE
Figure 11.11. Remains of structure US 243 (A. 4) on the northern front. From the W
Figure 11.12. Structure US 363 (A. 18), northern front. From the N
Figure 11.13. Eastern column with Syriac inscription (A. 17), from the N
Figure 11.14. Building N, general sketch plan with Stratigraphic Units.
Figure 11.15. Building N, western wall (US 3000, Ph. 2, A. 11), from the W
Figure 11.16. Building N, western wall (US 3000, Ph. 2, A. 11), from the S
Figure 11.17. Tower 4, level 2, wall US 716 (Ph. 3, A. 12), from the E
Figure 11.18. Tower 4, level 2, wall US 716 (Ph. 3, A. 12), detail of internal face, from the W
Figure 11.19. Tower 4, level 1 (Ph. 4, A. 13), SE corner, facing E
Figure 11.20. Tower 4, level 1, US 718 (Ph. 4, A. 13), from the N. Photo C. Tavernari
Figure 11.21. Tower 4, level 1, stairs US 720 (Ph. 4, A. 13), from the NE. Photo C. Tavernari
Chapter 12
The material evidence: Period 2 (post 6th-11th centuries?)
Chronology
Figure 12.1. General map of the citadel with distribution of Phases and Activities in Period 2
Figure 12.2. Tower L1 (left) and L2 (right) from the NW
The archaeological analysis (Figure 12.1)
Figure 12.3. The southern front, with the ditch cut into the rock, from the W. The line indicates the hypothetical depth of ditch in Period 2
Figure 12.4 Turret 8, from the E, standing on the very edge of the vertical walls of the ditch
Figure 12.5. The ditch on the northern side, turning north toward the city. From the W
Figure 12.6. Turret 9 abutting later structures of Period 5, from the SE
Figure 12.7. Towers L1 and L2, general sketch plan with Stratigraphic Units
Figure 12.8. Tower L1, from the S
Figure 12.9. The northern ditch, from the NE
Figure 12.10. Northern ditch, detail
Figure 12.11. The pillar of Period 3 or 4
Spolia in Tower L1: a preliminary note
Figure 12.12. The counterscarp, south-eastern corner of the ditch, from the NW
Figure 12.13. Tower L1, core: decorated fragment no. 1
Figure 12.15. Tower L1, core: decorated fragment no. 3.
Figure 12.17. Tower L1, core: decorated fragment no. 5.

From Edessa to Urfa : : the Fortification of the Citadel / / Cristina Tonghini.

Similar Items