Archaic and classical harbours of the Greek World : : the Aegean and Eastern Ionian contexts / / Chiara Maria Mauro.

• VerfasserIn: Mauro, Chiara Maria,
• Place / Publishing House: Summertown, Oxford : : Archaeopress Archaeology,, [2019]; ©2019
• Year of Publication: 2019
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (viii, 115 pages) :; illustrations, maps

A study of the archaeology and history of ancient harbours, with particular focus on the Greek world during the Archaic and Classical eras. It questions what locations were the most propitious for the installation of harbours; what kinds of harbour-works were built and for what purpose; and what harbour forms were documented.

Table of Contents

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright page -- Contents Page -- List of Figures -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- Chapter 1 -- Account of Previous Research -- 1.3. The study of ancient harbours from the mid-20th century to the present day -- 1.3.1. The birth of underwater archaeology and its implications for the study of ancient harbours -- 1.3.2. The study of ancient harbours since the advent of underwater archaeology -- 1.4. The study of the environmental factors in relation to ancient seafaring and harbours -- Chapter 2 -- A History of Ancient Harbours up to 800 BC -- Figure 2.1. Map of the harbour facilities at Wadi Al- Jarf. Tallet and Marouard 2014: 7, figure 8. © Wadi al-Jarf archaeological mission. -- Figure 2.2. Reproduction of the harbour scene represented in Kenamun's tomb at Thebes, days of Amenhotep III (TT 162). Basch 1987: 64, figure 114. -- Figure 2.3. Reproduction of one of the reliefs found in Queen Hatshepsut's funerary temple of the at Dier el Bahri. On the left footbridges for loading and unloading can be clearly recognised, viewed 19 September 2018, &lt -- http://maritimehistorypdcast.com/ep -- Figure 2.4. Reproduction of the funerary picture with moored ships found in Amarna, c. 1365 BC. Shaw, J. W. 1990. -- Figure 2.5. Room 5, Northern wall: 'The Battle', the building identified as a 'shipshed'. Marinatos 1974. -- Figure 2.6. Thera, Western house, room 5, wall South III, 'The Return of the Fleet'. Top: the second city, located at the mouth of a river. Bottom: the city of arrival. Marinatos 1974. -- Figure 2.7. Schematic reconstruction of the harbour configuration of the so-called 'city of arrival' represented in the fresco of Thera. Shaw, J. W. 1990: 431, figure 19. -- Figure 2.8. Traditional systems for hauling boats onto the shore: wooden 'ladders'. Sciortino 1995: 54, fig. 51.

Figure 2.10. Traditional system used for hauling boats onto shore: wooden beams for hauling in the boats. Palizzi Marina (RC), Italy. -- Figure 2.9. Traditional system used for hauling boats onto shore: ropes. Palizzi Marina (RC), Italy. -- Figure 2.11. Traditional system for pulling in boats on stony ground. Arrecife de las Sirenas, Cabo de Gata. Almeria, Spain. -- Figure 2.12. Troy (Anatolia), the hydraulic system of the harbour. Zangger et al. 1999: figure 10.5. -- Figure 2.13. Tabbat el Hammam's harbour area with the location of the breakwater. Carayon 2008: 914, fig. 09.01. -- Figure 2.14. Reconstruction of the Archaic harbour system of Sidon. Poidebard and Lauffray 1951. -- Figure 2.15. Fragment of a tribute scene, departure from Tyre. On the left, the city of Tyre with the two gates. Photography supplied courtesy of the © British Museum. -- Figure 2.16. Luli, the king of Tyre, and his family escape from Tyre as Sennacherib advances on the city. Palace of Sennacherib at Niniveh. Barnett 1956: fig. 9. -- Figure 3.1. Example of the possible configuration of a harbour in the lee of a promontory (with the utilisation of one side only). After Blue 1997: 33. -- Figure 3.2. Example of the possible configuration of a harbour in the lee of a promontory (with the utilisation of both sides). After Carayon 2008: 1328. -- Figure 3.3. Example of the possible configuration of harbours behind an anvil-shaped headland. After Blue 1997: 33. -- Figure 3.4. Example of the possible configuration of harbours between two headlands. -- Figure 3.5. Graphic exemplification of the change undergone by a basin between two promontories. -- Figure 3.6. Graphic representation of the effects of wave refraction when waves approach an island.

Figure 3.7. Graphic exemplification of the two sub-typologies of harbours benefitting from the presence of an island. Sub-typology 2.1 is found where harbours are located in a channel between two islands, or between the island and the mainland. Sub-typolo -- Figure 3.8. Example of the possible configuration of a harbour in a strait between two islands. After Carayon 2008: 1326. -- Figure 3.9. Example of the possible configuration of a harbour in a bay. After Blue 1997: 33. According to the subdivision proposed in this book, such a configuration would correspond to the sub-typology 3.1. -- Figure 3.10. Example of the possible configuration of a harbour in an open bay, with the identification of the sheltered areas according to the direction of the winds. Carayon 2008: 1327. -- Figure 3.11. Example of the possible configuration of a harbour in a natural embayment. After Carayon 2008: 1333. -- Figure 3.12. Example of the possible configuration of a harbour in a bay protected by barrier islands. After Carayon 2008: 1324. -- Figure 3.13. Example of the possible configuration of a harbour in a landlocked bay (with double spits). After Blue 1997: 33. -- Figure 3.14. Example of the possible configuration of a harbour in a river mouth. After Blue 1997: 33. -- Figure 3.15. Example of the possible configuration of a harbour in the area between the mouths of two rivers. -- Figure 3.16. Example of the possible configuration of a harbour in estuaries (lagoon-type). After Blue 1997: 33. -- Figure 3.17. The various sub-typologies of harbours according to their level of protection: high ('λιμένες κλυτοι') or medium-low ('λιμένες εὔορμοι'). -- Figure 4.1. Constitutive elements of a harbour basin, according to the terminology adopted in this book.

Figure 4.2. The breakwater at Klazomenai (n° 79), dated to the 6th century BC (140 x 45 m). In the inner part of the breakwater, a device for mooring was found. Graauw, de 2015: fig. 2. -- Figure 4.3: Plan and section of the structure identified as one of the mole of the ancient harbour of Samos (n° 165). Simossi 1994: 860, fig. 3. -- Figure 4.4. General plan of Thasos with the two harbours (n° 182 and 183), the suggestion for the third harbour (n° 184) and the city-walls. Grandjean and Salviat 2000: fig. 12. -- Figure 4.5. Plan of the two certain harbours (n° 182 and 183) of ancient Thasos. Simossi 1994: 136. -- Figure 4.6. Plan of the submerged area, Halieis (n° 59). According to Jameson (1969), the harbour should be located inside the gate and it was accessible through the narrow gap between the two arms of the city-wall. Jameson 1969: 327. -- Figure 4.7. Satellite image of the commercial harbour of Mytilene, on the island of Lesbos (n° 115). Under the water it is possible to notice the remains of the southern and northern breakwaters which were extensions of the city wall. Google Earth. -- Figure 4.8. Reconstructive model of a 'νεώριον'. Photography supplied courtesy of the © Greek Hellenic Maritime Museum. -- Figure 4.10. Reconstructive drawing of shipsheds in Zea. Lovén 2011: vol. II, p. 313, figure 240. -- Figure 4.9. Shipsheds of the harbour of Zea (n° 194), section. Dragatsis and Dörpfeld in Dragatsis 1885: pl.3. -- Figure 4.11. 3D reconstruction of the Zea shipsheds (n° 194). Courtesy of the © Zea Harbour Project, viewed 18 September 2018, &lt -- http://www.zeaharbourproject.dk/&gt -- -- Figure 4.12. Ramp carved into the rock at Agios Demetrios (harbour of Kirra, n° 78), view from the north. Valavanis in Blackman and Rankov 2013: 240, fig. a12.6.

Figure 4.13. Column within the precinct of the so-called Tomb of Themistocles (Kantharos, n° 72). Reconstructed in 1952 from seven drums. Steinhauer 2000: 81. -- Figure 4.14. Reconstruction of the Philon's Arsenal. Marstrand (1922: plan IV), based on IG II2 1668. -- Figure 4.15. The diolkos divided into sectors. Werner 1997: 99, fig. 2. -- Figure 5.1. Example of 'harbour with a single basin'. -- Figure 5.2. Harbours with two basins and the different harbour forms to which they give rise in the Greek world. -- Figure 5.3. The two basins of the harbour of Thasos. After Sintès (2003: fig. 6) and Simossi (1994: fig. 1). -- Figure 5.4. Possible configuration of a 'double basin harbour'. -- Figure 5.5. The sequence of inner and outer basin in the harbour of Eretria (Euboia). After Iniotakis in Navis II: s.v. Eretria. -- Figure 5.6. Anactorium's (in the figure 'Anactorion') simple harbour system, which - by controlling Actium - monitored entry to the Ambracian Gulf. -- Figure 5.7. Miletus' complex harbour system, excluding Lade. The map reflects the situation of the Hellenistic-Roman period, but buildings from different periods are included. The six harbour basins could have been in use from the Archaic period. Brückner -- Figure 5.8. The Athenian harbour system, which includes control of the three Piraeus basins and the Phaleron Bay. After Conwell 2008: 233, fig. 3. -- 2.2. The Aegean Harbours -- 2.3. The harbours of Cyprus in the Post-Palatial period, meeting point between the East and the West -- 2.4. Harbours of the Levant at the beginning of the 1st millennium BC -- 2.5. Instilling knowledge: maritime contacts between Greeks and Phoenicians in the early 1st millennium BC and their consequences -- 2.6. Ancient Greek harbours in the Archaic and Classical periods -- Chapter 3 -- The Geomorphology of Greek Harbours -- 3.1. Headlands.

3.1.1. Sub-typology 1.1. Harbours/anchorages in the lee of a headland (with the utilisation of one side only).