Chronological developments in the Old Kingdom tombs in the necropoleis of Giza, Saqqara and Abusir : : toward an economic decline during the early dynastic period and the Old Kingdom / / Leo Roeten.

• Superior document: Archaeopress Egyptology ; 15
• VerfasserIn: Roeten, Leo,
• Place / Publishing House: Oxford : : Archaeopress Publishing Ltd,, [2016]; ©2016
• Year of Publication: 2016
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Series: Archaeopress Egyptology ; 15.
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (165 pages).

This study suggests, through investigations of the tombs in the necropolis of Giza, that economic decline attributed to the collapse of the Old Kingdom had already started in the early dynastic period.

Table of Contents

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Figures -- Bibliography and Bibliographical Abbreviations -- Part I: Various Chronological Developmentsof Dimensional Aspects of the Tombs in the Necropolis of Giza -- Introduction -- II. The purpose of this study -- Chapter One: Preliminary Considerations -- I. A concise history of the development of the non-royal funerary architecture -- Introduction -- II. Experiments in funerary tradition during the reigns of Snefru and Khufu -- II.1. The layout of non-royal cemeteries -- II.2. Tomb architecture -- III. About climate change -- III.1. Environmental consequences of climate change -- III.2. Climate change and chapel decoration -- IV. About chronology -- IV.1. The chronological order of the kings of the old kingdom -- IV.2. Considerations concerning the dating of tombs -- V. About the tombs included in the catalogues -- Introduction -- Chapter Two: The Necropolis of Giza -- I. The necropolis before the fourth dynasty -- II. The Necropolis of Giza until the end of the fourth dynasty -- Chapter Three: The Chronological Development of the Number of False Doors -- I. Introduction -- II. The Percentage of Tombs with Chapels with two or more False Doors -- III. Discussion per period -- Chapter Four: The Chronological Development of the Dimensions of the Tombs and Their Chapels. Part I -- I. Data management and methodology. -- II. the surface of the tomb versus the surface of its chapel -- Chapter Five: The Chronological Developments in the Dimensions of the Tombs and Their Chapels. Part II -- The dimensions of tombs and chapels -- II. The surface ranges of richer and poorer tombs -- Chapter Six: The Chronological Development of the Number of False Doors in Relation to the Dimensions of the Tomb -- I. Introduction.

II. The number of false doors in relation to the dichotomy between "richer" and "poorer" tombs -- III. Discussion -- Chapter Seven: Discussion, Analyses and Conclusions in Relation to the Necropolis of Giza -- I. Introduction -- II. Richer and poorer funerary monuments -- III. Secondary burials -- IV. The false doors -- V. Preliminary conclusions -- Figure 1. Three types of "rich" mortuary monuments: a royal pyramid, a queens' pyramid and the mastaba of a member of the royal family or of the highest non-royal social stratum (Giza, eastern field) (photo author). -- Figure 2. Entrance of the tomb of WAS-ptH (PM, III/1, 273 -- Hassan, Giza II, plate IV). -- Figure 3. Entrance of the tomb of Mrrw-kA.j. (PM, III/2, 525-34 -- Photo: www.wikepedia, Mereruka, Saqqara). -- Figure 4. Decoration northern entrance thickness of the mastaba of SSAt-Htp. (PM. III/1, 149-50 -- Junker, Giza II, fig. 25 (page 180)). -- Figure 5. Large mastaba with palace facade panelling (1st dynasty). -- Figure 6. The remains of an exterior mud-brick chapel (Junker, Giza I, plate XXXIIIa). -- Figure 7 Exterior chapel with L-shaped offering room -- Figure 8 Interior L-shaped offering room with exterior mud-brick chapel -- Figure 10. Plan chapel of PtH-Htp -- D 51 -- PM, III/2, 581-2 -- dating IV.L - V.E. (after Mariette, Mastabas, 314-6). -- Figure 11. Plan chapel of Nxft-kA.j, (PM, PM III/2, 580-1) -- Figure 9. Plan chapel of Axtj-Htp -- PM, III/2, 453, A 1, dating IV.E. (after Mariette, Mastabas, 67-70). -- Figure 12 Plan chapel of Snnw-anx, (PM, III/2, 582) -- Figure 13. Plan of chapel of Ḫnw -- PM, III/2, 488-9 -- dating V.L - VE. (after Mariette, Mastabas, 184-6). -- Figure 14. Plan of chapel of KA.j-m-nfrt -- PM, III/2, 467-8 -- dating V.M/L (after Mariette, Mastabas, 242-9). -- Figure 15. Morgan's "Mastabas du Sud" (detail of the plan of the necropolis of Dahshur).

Figure 16. Time scale Neolithic and Old Kingdom -- Figure 17. Scene in the mastaba of Mrrw kA.j, (PM, III/2, 525-34) -- Figure 18. The chronological division of the Old Kingdom (after Harper, DETOK, 34).56 -- Figure 19. A field of stone built mastabas at Giza (Junker, Giza, VII, plate Ia). -- Figure 20. Rock-cut tombs at Giza (photo author). -- Figure 21. Western wall of the chapel in the mastaba of KA.j-swDA (G 5340 -- PM, III/1, 159) -- (Junker, Giza VII, plate XXXIVa). -- Figure 22. Plan of the chapel of MTn -- LS 6 -- PM, III/2, 493-4 -- IV.E. (after LD, II, 3-7). -- Figure 24. Plan of a rock-cut tomb with a separate chapel.(after Reisner, Giza I, Figure. 144) -- Figure 25. Plan of a corridor chapel with a narrow recess. (after Junker, Giza XI, Figure 23). -- Figure 26. Plan of the eastern exterior wall of the mastaba of SSAt-Htp (after Kanawati, Giza II, plate 39). -- Figure 27. Plan of an exterior chapel with one offering place (false door).(after Reisner, Giza I, Figure 109). -- Figure 28. Plan of an exterior chapel with one offering place (slab stele).(after Reisner, Giza I, Figure 95). -- Figure 29. Plan of the Old Kingdom necropolis of Giza including the southern part of the Plateau -- Figure 30. Plan of the Old Kingdom necropolis of Giza at the end of the 4th dynasty. -- Figure 31. Satellite photo of the Giza Plateau -- Figure 32. The quarry wall west of the pyramid of Rakhaef (IV.4) with rock-cut tombs. (Photo author). -- Figure 33. Satellite photo of the pyramid of Radjedef at Abu Rawash -- Figure 34. Western cemetery (schematic) -- Figure 35. Mastaba with the placement of a slab stele and cult utensils in front of it (G 4360) -- Figure 37. A libation basin together with a statue of the tomb owner in front of the false door in the tomb of Axtj-mrw-nswt (PM, III/1, 80-1) (ASAE, 13-14 (1914), Plate 11b).

Figure 38. The chronological development of the percentage of chapels with two or more false doors -- Figure 39. The tombs in cemetery F of Abu Rawash. -- Figure 40. Surface tomb/chapel diagram, period IV.E, cemetery F, Abu Rawash.36 -- Figure 41. Surface tomb/chapel diagram, period IV.L, cemetery F, Abu Rawash. -- Figure 42. Surface tomb/chapel diagram, period V.E, cemetery F, Abu Rawash. -- Figure 43. Necropolis F at Abu Rawash -- Figure 45. Surface tomb/chapel diagram, period IV.E, Giza. -- Figure 46. Length/width chapel diagram, period IV.E, Giza. -- Figure 47. Surface tomb/chapel diagram, period IV.L, Giza. -- Figure 48. Plan of the rock-cut chapel of KAw-nswt, (PM, III/1, 274) -- Figure 50. Length/width chapel diagram, period IV.L, Giza -- Figure 51. Tombs with diverging dimensions, Giza. -- Figure 52. Surface tomb/chapel diagram of tombs with diverging dimensions, Giza. -- Figure 54. Surface tomb/chapel diagram, period V.E, Giza. -- Figure 55. Length/width chapel diagram, period V.E, Giza. -- Figure 56. Surface tomb/chapel diagram, period V.M, Giza. -- Figure 57. The tomb of ḎfA-nwst, (PM, III/1, 265) -- Figure 58. Length/width chapel diagram, period V.M, Giza. -- Figure 59. The chapel of Jtj-sn -- PM, III/1, 252‒3. -- Figure 60. Surface tomb/chapel diagram, period V.L, Giza. -- Figure 61. The development of the corridor chapel of G 2093 (after Roth, Gmast 6, Figure 6). -- Figure 62. Length/width chapel diagram, period V.L, Giza -- Figure 63. Surface tomb/chapel diagram, period VI, Giza. -- Figure 64. Length/width chapel diagram, period VI, Giza. -- Figure 65. Tomb and chapel surface value spread for richer and poorer tombs. -- Figure 66. Derivative values of the tomb and chapel surface spread for richer tombs. -- Figure 69. Chronological development of the surface of poorer tombs.

Figure 70. The range of the surface of richer and poorer tombs -- Figure 71. The range of the chapel surface of richer and poorer tombs. -- Figure 72. Compilation of the surface ranges of richer and poorer tombs. -- Figure 73. Tomb surface versus chapel surface as a percentage of the former. -- Figure 74. The percentage of richer tombs with two or more false doors. -- Figure 75. The percentage of poorer tombs with two or more false doors -- Figure 76. A possible chronological development of the surface of tombs -- Figure 77. Another possible chronological development of the surface of tombs -- Figure 78. A possible chronological development of the surface of tombs from period V.E on -- Figure 79. Intrusive burials (Junker, Giza VII, plate III). -- Figure 80. Intrusive burials (Junker, Giza I, XXXIII.b). -- Figure 81. The percentage of chapels with two or more false doors (after Figure 38). Adapted to the developments in Figures 74 and 75. -- Figure 82. An intrusive burial with two false doors in the necropolis of Giza. (Junker, Giza V, plate XIVa ). -- Figure 83. An intrusive burial with one false door in the necropolis of Giza. (photo author). -- Figure 84. The plan of the Memphite necropoleis.(after K. Baedecker, Egypt, Manuel du Voyageur (Paris, 1903), 188. -- Part II The Necropoleis of Abusir and Saqqara. A Verification of the Chronological Tendencies in the Necropolis of Giza -- Chapter Eight: The Necropolis of Saqqara -- I. The chronological development of the necropolis of Saqqara -- II. The Chronological Development of the Employment of the Various Types of Chapels in the Necropoleis of Saqqara and Giza -- Chapter Nine: Various Chronological Developments in the Necropolis of Saqqara -- I. Introduction -- II. The percentage of tombs with two or more false doors in the chapel -- III. The dimensions of tombs and chapels.

iV. The surface of richer and poorer tombs and their chapels.