INRA Feeding System for Ruminants.

• Author: INRA.
• Place / Publishing House: Boston : : Wageningen Academic Publishers,, 2018.; ©2019.
• Year of Publication: 2018
• Edition: 2nd ed.
• Language: English
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (639 pages)

The INRA Feeding System for Ruminants has been renewed to better address emerging challenges for animal nutrition: prevision of productive responses, product quality, animal health and emissions to the environment, in a larger extent of breeding contexts. The new system is mainly built from meta-analyses of large data bases, and modelling. The dietary supply model accounts for digestive interactions and flows of individual nutrients, so that feed values depend on the final ration. Animal requirements account for variability in metabolic efficiency. Various productive and non-productive animal responses to diets are quantified. This book presents the whole system for dairy and meat, large and small ruminant production, including specificities for tropical and Mediterranean areas. The first two sections present biological concepts and equations (with their field of application and statistical accuracy) used to predict intake (including at grazing) and nutrient supply (Section 1), animal's requirements and multiple responses to diets (Section 2). They apply to net energy, metabolisable protein and amino acids, water, minerals and vitamins. Section 3 presents the use of concepts and equations in rationing with two purposes: (1) diet calculation for a given performance objective; and (2) prediction of the multiple responses of animal to diet changes. Section 4 displays the tables of feed values, and their prevision. All the equations and concepts are embedded in the fifth version of INRAtion® software for practical use.

Table of Contents

Intro -- INRA Feeding System for Ruminants -- Copyright -- List of contributors -- Acknowledgements -- Table of contents -- Glossary -- Foreword -- 1. General introduction -- 1.1 Context and objectives -- 1.2 Methods -- 1.3 Main advances -- 1.4 The content of the book -- Section 1. The dietary supply -- 2. Feed intake -- 2.1 Prediction of voluntary dry matter intake -- 2.2 Specificity of intake at grazing and its prediction -- 3. Energy supply -- 3.1 From gross energy to net energy -- 3.2 The metabolisable nutrients -- 4. Protein and amino acids supply -- 4.1 The metabolisable protein -- 4.2 The amino acids digestible in the intestine of feeds and diets -- 5. Minerals, vitamins and water supply -- 5.1 Minerals -- 5.2 Vitamins -- 5.3 Water -- Section 2. The animal's requirements and responses to diets -- 6. Energy expenditures, efficiencies and requirements -- 6.1 Basic parameters of energy utilisation in ruminants -- 6.2 Processing indirect calorimetry data to assess energy requirements and responses -- 6.3 Energy expenditures and requirements of dairy animals -- 6.4 Energy evaluation of body variations in dairy females -- 6.5 Energy expenditures and requirements of growing and fattening animals -- 6.6 Energy expenditures and requirements of gestating animals -- 6.7 The heat production -- 7. Protein and amino acid expenditure, efficiency and requirements -- 7.1 Updating non-productive N losses and PDI requirements -- 7.2 From productive expenditures to PDI requirements -- 7.3 The efficiency for protein synthesis and production in lactating animal -- 7.4 The protein efficiency for protein production in growing animals -- 7.5 The digestible amino acids (AADI) requirements for dairy cows -- 8. Minerals, vitamins and water requirements -- 8.1 Minerals -- 8.2 Vitamins -- 8.3 Water requirements.

9. Dry matter intake and milk yield responses to dietary changes -- 9.1 Dry matter intake response to dietary changes -- 9.2 Milk yield and composition responses to dietary changes -- 9.3 Conclusions -- 10. Growth response to dietary changes in growing-finishing animals -- 10.1 Effects of differences in levels of energy intake -- 10.2 Effects of differences in levels of PDI supplies -- 10.3 Effects of nature of energy nutrients supplied by diets -- 11. Milk fat content and composition -- 11.1 Digestion and metabolism of lipids in dairy ruminants -- 11.2 Response of milk fat secretion and milk fatty acid composition to dietary factors -- 11.3 Towards a more analytical nutrient-based prediction -- 12. Fatty acid composition of muscles -- 12.1 Effects of type of diet -- 12.2 Response laws to dietary fatty acids -- 12.3 Conclusions -- 13. Faecal and urinary nitrogen excretion -- 13.1 Faecal nitrogen -- 13.2 Urinary nitrogen -- 14. Enteric methane emissions8 -- 14.1 Prediction of CH4 production -- 14.2 Mitigation strategies -- 15. Digestive welfare and rumen acidosis -- 15.1 Global description of rumen acidosis -- 15.2 Digestive welfare, chewing activities and rumen acidosis -- 15.3 Influence of dietary items -- 15.4 Influence of feed additives -- 15.5 Recommendations for diet formulation -- Section 3. Practices for rationing -- 16. General principles of rationing -- 16.1 Prediction of the animal requirements and the intake capacity -- 16.2 Feed characteristics -- 16.3 Ration calculation -- 16.4 Animal production responses -- 16.5 Feeding strategies -- 17. Dairy cows -- 17.1 The dynamics of lactation: potential milk yield and body reserves variation -- 17.2 Requirements -- 17.3 Milk response -- 17.4 Voluntary intake -- 17.5 Intake at grazing -- 17.6 Drinking water intake -- 17.7 Strategies of feeding management -- 17.8 Conclusions.

18. Beef cows and calves -- 18.1 Requirements for non-productive and productive functions of beef cows -- 18.2 Intake of beef cows -- 18.3 Feeding strategies and nutritional recommended allowances for beef cows -- 18.4 Suckling calf -- 18.5 Conclusions -- 19. Growing and finishing cattle -- 19.1 Growth and body composition -- 19.2 The gain composition and its modelling -- 19.3 Requirements and recommended allowances -- 19.4 Voluntary intake -- 19.5 Recommended allowances and feeding strategies -- 19.6 Conclusions -- 20. Dairy, growing and fattening sheep -- 20.1 Dairy and suckling ewe systems -- 20.2 Growing/fattening lambs and replacement ewe lambs -- 20.3 Conclusions -- 21. Dairy and growing goats -- 21.1 Expenditures and requirements of lactating goats -- 21.2 Expenditures and requirements for gestation -- 21.3 Expenditures and requirements for growth of replacement does and young males -- 21.4 Intake -- 21.5 Multiple responses of dairy goats to feed and nutrient supplies around satisfaction of requirements -- 21.6 Feedlots feeding -- 21.7 Pastures, grazing and range -- 21.8 Conclusions -- 22. Specificities of feeding ruminant livestock in warm areas -- 22.1 Chemical composition of feed resources in warm regions -- 22.2 Feeding value -- 22.3 Specificity of livestock in warm regions -- 22.4 Nutritional requirements in warm environments -- 22.5 Animal responses to feeds and nutrients -- 22.6 Specificity of feeding at pasture in warm regions -- 22.7 Conclusions -- Section 4. The reference values of feed: tables and prediction -- 23. Methods for feed evaluation and databases -- 23.1 In vivo measurements of digestibility and voluntary intake -- 23.2 In situ measurements of feed degradability in the rumen and digestibility in the intestine -- 23.3 Enzymatic methods to predict digestibility and degradability.

23.4 Databases of feed composition and nutritive values -- 24. Calculation of feed values in INRA system: feed tables and prediction equations -- 24.1 Principles of establishment of feed tables -- 24.2 Principles of feed values calculation and prediction -- 24.3 Organic constituents -- 24.4 Organic matter and cell wall digestibility -- 24.5 Voluntary intake and fill values -- 24.6 Energy value -- 24.7 Protein value -- 24.8 Mineral value determination (Ca, P and Mg) -- 25. INRA feed tables used in France and temperate areas -- 25.1 Short description of the contents -- 25.2 Classification of feeds -- 25.3 Terminology and symbols used -- 25.4 Definition of vegetation stages of forages -- 25.5 Feed tables -- Appendix 25.1. Typical contents of water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) and starch of forages (g/kg DM) -- Appendix 25.2. Fermentation characteristics of silages -- Appendix 25.3. Correction of OMd of direct cut grass silages according to their DM content and consequences on fill (UE) and ene -- Appendix 25.4. Values of the main inorganic mineral sources (in %) -- 26. INRA feed tables for warm areas -- 26.1 The context: agro-climatic conditions -- 26.2 Origins of the data -- 26.3 The chemical composition -- 26.4 Intake and fill value -- 26.5 Energy value -- 26.6 Protein value -- 26.7 Feed tables for warm areas -- Databases and references -- Databases used -- 1. The 'BoviDig' database -- 2. The 'OviDig' database -- 3. The 'AADIg' database -- 4. The 'Rumener' database -- 5. The 'Methafour' database -- 6. The 'BodyCompCow' database -- 7. The 'MoSarCO' database -- 8. The 'LysMetINRAreq' database -- 9. The 'DairyCow E×N' database -- 10. The 'Beef Cows' database -- 11. The 'BeefBox' database -- 12. The 'INRA Theix Abattoir' database -- 13. The 'LambGrowth' database -- 14. The 'Caprinut' database -- 15. The 'URZ-1' database -- 16. The 'URZ-2' database.

17. The 'URZ-3' database -- References -- Index.