Living with heritage : : the case of Tsodilo World Heritage Site and neighbouring localities / / Stella Basinyi.

• Superior document: Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology ; v.99
• VerfasserIn: Basinyi, Stella,
• Place / Publishing House: Oxford, England : : Archaeopress Publishing Limited,, [2019]; ©2019
• Year of Publication: 2019
• Language: English
• Series: Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (183 pages)

In 2008 several heritage sites in Botswana were opened for tourism in addition to the Tsodilo World Heritage Site. Insufficient research was undertaken to understand how local communities and local cultures respond to these ventures. This study presents an overview of community transformation and responses to heritage sites as globalised platforms.

Table of Contents

Cover -- Copyright Information -- Contents -- List of Figures -- Figure 1 Map of Botswana showing the location of Tsodilo World Heritage (WHS) Site -- Figure 2 Perception of Authorship of the Rock Paintings -- Figure 3 Income in BWP (Botswana Pula) From Crafts Sales (Aug-Sep 2013) Tourism Development Plan -- Figure 4. The Relationship between Heritage Management and Community Relevance Markers -- Figure 5 Contexts in Which the Host Interacts With the Visitors and the Core of Heritage Management Strategies -- Figure 6 Weld fire approaching the Tsodilo Village in the winter of 2014. Picture by S. Basinyi (2014) -- Figure 7 The Abandoned Church Structure at the Mosheshe Old settlement. Picture by S. Basinyi (2015) -- Figure 8 Onsite access road passes through old Ju/hoansi settlement. Picture by S. Basinyi (2015) -- Figure 9 Fading Rock Art Panel in Tsodilo hills Picture by S. Basinyi (2016) -- Figure 10 Factors Influencing the Nature of Heritage Management and Recognition of the Local Community -- Figure 11 summarizes the emergent categories of factors that contribute and constitute the nature of contact between the stakeholders on site and in community spaces. These are discussed in detail in the chapter. -- Figure 12 Film viewing at the J/hoansi Residence Photo by S. Basinyi (2016) -- Figure 13 Number of Registered Visitors (June - October 2013) Source -- Tsodilo Tourism Development Plan (2013) -- Figure 14 Ju/hoansi Evening around Fire Dance Performance and Filmmaking Photo by S. Basinyi (2015) -- Figure 15 Factors Influencing Interaction and Heritage Management in Tsodilo WHS -- List of Tables -- Table 1 Summary of Interview Data Sources -- Table 2 Range Of Participants Selected For Study -- Table 3 Translated Text and Codes (Coding) -- Table 4 Emerging Patterns of the Data.

Table 5 Emerging Concepts and Example of Tentative Categories from Focused Coding Process -- Table 6 Theoretical Coding of the Established Borders -- Table 7 Codes Supporting the Responsibility of the Host community -- Table 8 Values Related Codes Supporting the Global Approaches in Tsodilo Heritage Management -- Table 9 Codes Supporting Spirituality and Kinship Values -- Table 10 codes supporting conflicting value category -- Table 11 Codes Supporting Manner of Interaction between Host and Visitor -- Table 12 Codes Supporting the Effortless Interactions -- Table 13 Negative Outcome of the Interaction with the Visitor -- Table 14 Profile of the research team -- Table 15 Example of Focused codes and interview excerpts -- Table 16 Example of the coding process -- Table 17 Example of Focused codes -- Table 18 example of codes on Community and visitor interactions -- Table 19 Participant outline -- Acknowledgements -- Acronyms -- Foreign Words -- Foreign Words in This Dissertation -- Writing systems for names and words with click sound used in the study and Bantu system orthography -- Introduction and Conceptulisation -- 1.0 Introduction -- 1.1 Presentation of the Study -- 1.1.1 Main Objective -- 1.2 Structure of Study and Chapter Outline -- 1.3 Contextualisation -- 1.3.1 Heritage -- 1.3.2 Intangible Cultural Heritage -- 1.3.3 Culture -- 1.3.4 Community -- 1.3.5 The Role of Local and Host Community and Knowledge in the Research -- 1.3.6 History of heritage studies -- 1.3.7 Critical Heritage Approach (CHA) -- 1.3.8 Heritage Management in Southern Africa -- 1.3.9 Research Justification -- Approaching Inhabited Heritage Spaces: Grounded Theory and Community Heritage Research -- 2.0 Introduction -- 2.1 Research Question and Selection of the Topic -- 2.1.1 Qualitative Research Framework -- 2.2 Grounded Theory (GT) -- 2.2.1 Strategy for Enquiry.

2.2.2 Origins of GT -- 2.2.3 Nature of GT Research -- 2.2.4 Relevance of the GT Methodology in the Research Study -- 2.2.5 Versions of GT -- Glaserian GT -- Strauss and Corbin -- Charmaz's Constructivists Grounded Theory (CGT) -- 2.2.6 Essentials of Grounded Theory Methodology -- Coding and Categorization of Data -- Concurrent Data Generation and Analysis -- Theoretical Coding or Focused Coding -- Constant Comparative Analysis -- Reflexivity -- Theoretical Sampling -- Theoretical Sensitivity -- Writing Memos -- Philosophical Leaning of the Research -- 2.3 GT Procedure and Essential in the Research Process -- 2.3.1 Literature Reviewing and GT -- 2.3.2 Delay of Literature -- 2.3.3 Steps Taken To Gain Entry into the Field and Ethical Consideration -- 2.3.4 Researcher's Position -- 2.3.5 Choice of Fieldwork Area -- 2.3.6 Research Participants -- 2.3.7 Entering the Field -- 2.3.8 Research Team and Language -- 2.3.10 Population Dynamics in Tsodilo and Theoretical Sampling -- 2.3.9 Settling in the Tsodilo Community Residence -- 2.3.11 Rapport Building and Gatekeepers -- 2.3.12 Field Research Stages -- 2.3.13 First Stage Fieldwork Methods and Practice -- 2.3.14 Research Break -- 2.3.15 Second Stage Field Work -- 2.4 Data Collection Procedure -- 2.4.1 Data Collection Methods -- 2.4.2 Multi-Sited Approaches -- 2.4.3 Interviews -- 2.4.4 Event Observation -- 2.4.5 Participant Observation -- 2.4.6 Data Recording -- Photovoice -- 2.4.7 Theoretical Sampling -- 2.4.8 Research Participants -- 2.4.9 Limitations of Research -- 2.5 Data Analysis -- 2.5.1 Interpretation, Translation and Transcription of Data -- 2.5.2 Coding and Constant Comparative Analysis -- 2.5.3 Open or Initial Coding Data -- 2.5.4 Focused Coding -- 2.5.5 Memoing -- 2.5.6 Theoretical Coding -- 2.5.7 Point Of Saturation -- 2.5.8 Reflexivity -- 2.5.9 Summary of the Analysis Procedure.

Research Findings -- Relevance and Competition for Recognition and Entitlement of Communities in Inhabited Heritage Areas -- 3.0 Background Overview of the Landscape -- 3.1 Overview of the Landscape and the Local People -- 3.1.1 Overview of the Tsodilo World Heritage Site and the Inscription of Tsodilo on World Heritage List (WHL), the Narrative for the Official Management of the Site -- 3.2 Introduction -- 3.2.1 Deconstructing Community -- 3.2.2 Kinship Relations and Obligations in the Wider Tsodilo Areas -- 3.2.3 The Officially Recognized Community -- 3.2.4 The Neighbouring Community -- 3.3 Culture and Heritage -- 3.3.1 Defining Culture -- Culture as an Identifier of Difference -- 3.3.2 Defining Heritage -- Authorship, Craftsmanship and Ownership -- Perception of Heritage as Linked with the Museum Authority -- Fences and Authority -- The Nature of Heritage Management and Relevance from the Point Of View of Global Approach and Institutions -- Sources of Income and Competition for the Market -- The Dynamics and Use of the Kgotla -- 3.4 Establishing Relevance -- 3.4.1 Divide and Manage -- 3.4.2 Relevance and Competing For Recognition and Entitlement -- 3.4.3 Access to the Site -- 3.4.4 Relevance, Proximity and Responsibility -- 3.4.5 Proximity and the Exclusion of the Herero -- 3.4.6 Descendants of the First People and Indigenousness Validating Rights to Heritage Resources -- 3.4.7 Recent Arrivals and Lack of Knowledge of Site and Authorship -- 3.4.8 The Exclusion and Grouping Dynamics -- 3.4.9 Crafts and Ethnic Boundaries -- 3.4.10 Mobility, Authority and Restriction -- 3.4.11 Development and Heritage -- 3.4.12 Relevance of the Host Community -- 3.5 Summary of the Chapter -- 3.6 Conclusion -- Heritage Community Value Dimensions and Impact on Host Communities -- 4.0 Introduction -- 4.1 Identifying Values and Cultural Significance.

4.1.1 The Value of 'Tsodilo' -- 4.1.2 Valorisation and (De) Valorisation of Heritage -- 4.2 Value Based Contexts -- 4.2.1 Value Categories Emerging From the Tsodilo Context -- 4.2.2. Global Approach and Institutions (Category) and Tourism-Based Context -- 4.2.3 The Main Objective of the Official Management -- 4.2.4. The Language and Interpretation of Heritage Values -- 4.2.5 The Value and Bottom-up Approach -- 4.2.6 The Role and Responsibility of the Host Community -- 4.2.7 Appreciation of the Values of the Site -- 4.2.8 Heritage Values as Something to Be Taught to Communities -- 4.3 Replacement of Traditional Authority by Formal Positions -- 4.4 Spiritual and Beliefs Systems Context -- 4.4.1 The Spiritual Attribute Of the Site and the Rock Art Paintings with the Work of God -- 4.4.2 Traditional Curator with the Ability to Communicate With the Spirit of the Hills -- 4.5 Conflicting Values -- 4.5.1 Religious Diversity and Tolerance between Faith-Based Groups -- 4.5.2 Developments and Cultural Values -- 4.6 Conclusion -- Heritage Community Interactions: Hosts and Visitors -- 5.0 Introduction -- 5.1 Contact and Interactions -- 5.1.1 Contact with the Supernatural and the Development -- 5.1.2 Interactions with the Faith-Based Community -- 5.2 The Diversity of Visitors -- 5.2.1 Interactivity with the Visitors and Acquaintances -- 5.3 Nature of Interactions -- 5.2.2 Interaction within the Host Communities -- Competition for Entitlements -- Effortless Interaction among Locals -- Conflict for Limited Resources and Maintaining Control -- Dependency Reciprocity and Sharing -- 5.2.3 Interactions with the Outsider -- Language and Cultural Knowledge during Participation and Projects -- Language and Exclusion -- Kinship and Commoditization of Culture and Imbrications of Science -- The Kgotla System and Dialogue with the Local Communities.

Language and Interpretation of Rock Art.