Bronze Age metalwork : : techniques and traditions in the Nordic Bronze Age 1500-1100 BC / / Heide W. Nørgaard.

• VerfasserIn: Wrobel Nørgaard, Heide,
• Place / Publishing House: Oxford : : Archaeopress Archaeology,, [2018]; ©2018
• Year of Publication: 2018
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (519 pages) :; illustrations (some color), maps (some color)

Bronze ornaments of the Nordic Bronze Age (neck collars, belt plates, pins and tutuli) were elaborate objects that served as status symbols to communicate social hierarchy. The magnificent metalwork studied here dates from 1500-1100 BC. An interdisciplinary investigation of the artefacts was adopted to elucidate their manufacture and origin, resulting in new insights into metal craft in northern Europe during the Bronze Age. Based on the habitus concept, which situates the craftsmen within their social and technological framework, individual artefact characteristics and metalworking techniques can be used to identify different craft practices, even to identify individual craftsmen. The conclusions drawn from this offer new insights into the complex organisation of metalcraft in the production of prestige goods across different workshops. Several kinship-based workshops on Jutland, in the Luneburg Heath and Mecklenburg, allow us to conclude that the bronze objects were a display of social status and hierarchy controlled by, and produced for, the elite - as is also seen in the workshops on Zealand. Within the two main metalworking regions, Zealand and central Lower Saxony, workshops can be defined as communities of practice that existed with an extended market and relations with the local elite.

Table of Contents

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents Page -- List of figures -- Introduction -- Definition of terms -- Figure 1.001: Schematic illustration of the difference between technique and technology. -- Figure 1.002: Pictured craftsmanship. -- Figure 1.003: Diagram shows the different categories of craftsmanship explained in the text -- Figure 1.004: Single steps of a metallurgical chain -- Figure 1.005: Percentage distribution of the individual object groups in the study. -- Figure 1.006: Ratio of the examined object groups to the overall findings in regard to the periods and regions. -- Figure 1.007: Typological sheet after Montelius (1885) supplemented by Åberg (1936) -- Figure 1.008: Chronology scheme of the early and middle Bronze Age, with comparisons to south and west Europe -- Figure 1.009: Modelled (shaded) and unmodelled (un-shaded) calibrated age probability distributions, grouped by periods -- Figure 1.010: C-14 data from the oak-coffin burials of Melhøj -- Figure 1.011: The grave goods of the Skrydstrup burial, Haderslev Amt -- Figure 1.012: The grave goods of the Egtved burial, Vejle Amt -- Figure 1.013: The grave goods from the female burial in Borum Eshøj, Aarhus Amt -- Figure 1.014: Regional groupings on Zealand during NBA II -- Figure 1.015: Regional groupings on Jutland and the Island Fyn during NBA II and III -- Figure 1.016: Regional groupings of the Early and Middle Bronze Age in Germany -- Figure 1.017: The distribution of the examined object groups within the Bronze Age periods. -- Figure 1.018: The Egtved burial -- Figure 1.019: Wobst´s target groups of stylistic messages -- Figure 1.020: Burial from Wardböhmen 'Hengstberg' -- Figure 1.021: Classification chart of neck collar 1 (based on Nørgaard 2011). -- Figure 1.021: Classification chart of neck collar 1.

Figure 1.022: Classification chart of neck collar 2 -- Figure 1.023: Classification chart of neck collar 3 (based on Nørgaard 2011). -- Figure 1.024: The NBA IB collar from Kurcewo with the additional hoard ensemble -- Figure 1.025: Remains of organic material on the reverse side of the neck collar from Kværkeby, København Amt -- Figure 1.026: The classification of small belt discs into the eight described types. -- Figure 1.027: The diagram shows the different types of small belt discs and their type of deposition. -- Figure 1.028: The typological classification of belt plates. -- Figure 1.029: The hoard from Svenstrup, Sorø Amt. -- Figure 1.030: Distribution of tutuli examined within this study. -- Figure 1.031: Classification of ribbed tutuli -- Figure 1.032: Distribution of tutuli in NBA III in Mecklenburg -- Figure 1.033: Pin types associated with neck collars in the Bronze Age in northern Europe -- Figure 1.034: Wheel-headed pin from Rehlingen, Lower Saxony -- Figure 1.035: Classification of wheel-headed and disc-headed pins -- Figure 1.036: Distribution of wheel-headed pins Lüneburg-type -- Figure 1.037: Distribution of wheel-headed pins southwest of the Elbe River -- Figure 1.038: Spiral-decorated disc-headed pin from Heitbrack, Lower Saxony -- Figure 1.039: Distribution of disc-headed pins in regard to their decoration southwest of the Elbe River -- Figure 1.040: Distribution of disc-headed pins in regard to their decoration in Mecklenburg -- Figure 1.041: The disc-head pin Weitgendorf-type from Weisin, Mecklenburg -- Figure 1.042: The workshop in Feudvar -- Figure 1.043: Crucibles and moulds from Feudvar -- Figure 1.044: Metal working activities related to settlements during the early Bronze Age (left) and the younger Bronze Age (right) -- Figure 1.045: The house in Torslev -- Figure 1.046: The deposit from Génelard, Saône-et-Loire, France.

Figure 1.047: Distribution of bronze anvils in Europe -- Figure 1.048: Tool deposit from Murnau, Upper Bavaria -- Figure 1.049: Deposit from Gussage All Saints, Dorset, with bone tools and bronze ingots -- Figure 1.050: Excavation sketch from the Leubingen grave -- Figure 2.001: Distribution of finds in the periods. -- Figure 2.002: The Bell Beaker Cultures -- Figure 2.003: The beehive-shaped box from the hoard in Skeldal -- Figure 2.004: Geometric decoration of two Fårdrup Axes from the National Museum in Copenhagen. -- Figure 2.005: The individual steps in the production of the Tinsdahl neck-ring-set -- Figure 2.006: The individual steps in the production of the cast neck collar from Hohenlockstedt (Schleswig) in northwest Germany -- Figure 2.007: The individual steps in crafting a fibula Lüneburg-type -- Figure 2.008: A chisel-like tool similar to the pictured one could, after Drescher have caused the decorative notches on the neck collar from Hohenlockstedt -- Figure 2.009: The copper wire of the spiral punch is coiled, as illustrated in the drawing by J. Kraglund -- Figure 2.010: The fan-like structures in the centre of the spirals of several examined artefacts, like Rye on Zealand (B7612 and B7618), Karow in Mecklenburg (ALM Br.88) -- Weitgendorf in Brandenburg (MM II8302). -- Figure 2.011: The bronze anvils with grooves found in the Nordic Bronze Age -- Figure 2.012: Different wooden tools and spatula used to make the embossed neck collar within the exclusion experiment -- Figure 2.013: Production steps of an embossed neck collar: -- Figure 2.014: Comparison of the spirals on the embossed collar and the neck collar -- Figure 2.015: Comparison of the spirals of the embossed neck collar (A) and a neck collar from Rye, Holbæk (B7612).

Figure 2.016: Comparison of the rib-group of the embossed collar (A) and the collar of Weitgendorf II, Kr. Prignitz -- Figure 2.017: Two belt plates experimentally produced: made via cire perdue cast (A) and punched by the goldsmith Boas (B). -- Figure 2.018: Characteristic differences between cast- and cold-worked bronze ornaments. -- Figure 2.019: Several errors, such as interruptions in decoration, assign the bronze plate as a medium quality cast. -- Figure 2.020: Characteristic markers of punched decorative elements. -- Figure 2.021: Characteristic markers of hand-applied spirals. -- Figure 2.022: Negative pattern is recognisable on the reverse side of the hammered plate (A) and not on the cast plate (B). -- Figure 2.023: Different hearth constructions, from a simple fire place to a melting oven -- Figure 2.024: Wall paintings of the Old Kingdom displaying i.e. workers carrying crucibles with wooden sticks -- Figure 2.025: Single steps of the lost wax-method -- Figure 2.026: Different surface structures of the neck collar from the Vellinge Mose hoard on the Danish Island Fyn (NM 25787). -- Figure 2.027: Variation of the cire perdue cast used in West Africa -- Figure 2.028: Dendritic structures visible on the surface of the belt disc VM 1680KJ. -- Figure 2.029: Cast skin on the small belt discs from Vognserup Enge -- Figure 2.030: Difference between reworked and cast decoration on the belt plate (VM1680KC) from the Vognserup hoard. -- Figure 2.031: Cast (top) and reworked (bottom) humps of the belt disc (VM 1680KL) from the Vognserup hoard. -- Figure 2.032: Difference between the weak hump impression with cast skin and the deep post-casting reworking of the belt disc from Molzen (242:84g). -- Figure 2.033: Use of organic cotter in making eyelets demonstrated on the belt disc from Appel, Kr. Harburg.

Figure 2.034: Use of organic cotter in making eyelets demonstrated on the belt disc from Appel, Kr. Harburg -- Figure 2.035: Use of organic cotter in making eyelets demonstrated on the belt disc from Molzen -- Figure 2.036: Use of a rod-like implement in making eyelets demonstrated on the belt discs from Vorder-Bollhagen in Mecklenburg (ALM3140) and Sludstrup, Jutland (NM B299a). -- Figure 2.037: Residues of ceramic core material in the spike´s interior of discs NM 10935a and NM 10938a from the Svenstrup hoard. -- Figure 2.038: Residues of ceramic core material in the spike´s interior of the NM 10938b and NM 10938c from the Svenstrup hoard. -- Figure 2.039: Characteristic traces for the use of ceramic cores in making eyelets shown on the tutuli from the Vendsyssel hoard. -- Figure 2.040: An example of an Early Bronze Age triangular dagger from Wismar with cast-on handle -- Figure 2.041: The belt plate from Grabow in Mecklenburg was made using the cast-on technique -- Figure 2.042: Cast-on technique shown on the belt plate from Grabow in Mecklenburg (ALM LIH 16). -- Figure 2.043: Cast-on technique shown on the belt plate (VM 1680KD) from the Vognserup hoard. -- Figure 2.044: Cast-on technique shown on the largest belt plate (VM 1680KC) from the Vognserup hoard. -- Figure 2.045: Cast-on technique shown on the largest belt plate (NM 10931) from the Svenstrup hoard. -- Figure 2.046: Cast-on technique shown on the belt plate from Langstrup (NM B2307). -- Figure 2.047: Cast-on technique shown on the belt plate from Gollern (LMN 4753). -- Figure 2.048: Cast-on technique shown on the belt plate from Rye (NM B7619). -- Figure 2.049: Cast-on technique shown on the belt plate from Gerdrup (NM B11459-2). -- Figure 2.050: Cast-on technique shown on the smaller belt plate from the Frankerup hoard (NM CMXII).

Figure 2.051: Section through the Langstrup belt plate.