Investigations into the Dyeing Industry in Pompeii : : Experimental Archaeology and Computer Simulation Techniques.

• Superior document: Archaeopress Roman Archaeology ; v.86
• Author: Hopkins Pepper, Heather.
• Place / Publishing House: Oxford : : Archaeopress,, 2022.; ©2022.
• Year of Publication: 2022
• Language: English
• Series: Archaeopress Roman Archaeology
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (214 pages)

The scale of processing associated with the dyeing industry in Pompeii is a controversial subject. This investigation uses a new multi-disciplinary triangulated approach, providing an understanding of the significance of the industry that is grounded in engineering and archaeological principles, but within the context of Pompeii.

Table of Contents

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright page -- Contents Page -- _GoBack -- Preface -- Chapter Zero -- Preface to the published thesis -- Introduction -- How and why the approach of this study differed -- How location and time affected this study -- Location -- Study in the context of time and technological developments -- Development of experimental archaeology -- Overview of the study -- Background to this study -- New approaches within this study -- Surveying the original apparatus in 2002 -- The survey in 2002: water supply -- The survey in 2002: finding a 'Real Roman' -- The survey in 2002: defining 'Recording', 'Conservation', 'Reconstruction' -- Redefining 'experiment' -- Finite Element Analysis -- 'Roman' vs 'Modern' manufacturing -- Intangible questions -- Expansion since the doctorate was awarded -- Presentations and publications since this thesis was submitted -- Publications -- In Press -- Conferences presentations -- Seminars given -- Acknowledgements to the published thesis -- Timeline of previous work relevant to this study -- Chapter One -- Introduction to the dyeing industry of Pompeii -- 1.1 The significance of the scale of manufacture of textiles in Pompeii -- 1.1.1. Aims and Objectives -- 1.1.2. Nature of this investigation -- 1.2 Literature Review -- 1.2.1 Research background -- 1.2.2 Roman Dye vat design -- 1.2.3 The debate so far -- I viii 19 -- Previous work: A Strengths and Weakness Analysis -- Moeller -- Jongman -- Mann -- Laurence -- Summary -- 1.2.4 Quantifying archaeological writing -- Related work -- Watling, 2004 -- 1.3 The significance of this study -- 1.3.1 To conclude -- 1.4 Thesis Outline: -- Chapter Two -- Literature Review -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Textile processing -- 2.3 Dye types -- 2.4 When to dye: Stage at which dyeing takes place -- 2.5 Roman textiles -- 2.6 Requirements for dyeing.

2.7 Consumables used in manufacture -- 2.7.1 Fleece -- 2.7.2 Mordants -- 2.7.3 Roman dyes -- 2.7.4 To summarise -- 2.8 Undyed textile -- 2.9 Process consumables -- 2.9.1. Water supply -- 2.9.2 Water content -- 2.9.3 Water quality -- 2.9.4 Reliability of ancient and modern sources on water -- 2.9.5 Fuel -- 2.10 Recipe directions -- 2.10.1The Recipe used in this study -- Recipe for mordanting -- Recipe for mordanting: -- Recipe for dyeing with madder: -- Times for recipe -- 2.11 Removing the water -- 2.12 Quantity of textile -- 2.12.1 Roman garments -- 2.12.2 Pictorial representation of Roman dress -- 2.12.3 Problems with depiction -- 2.13 Population -- 2.14 Intangible evidence -- 2.15 Summary -- Chapter Three -- Experimental Replica -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 A differing approach -- 3.3 Experimental archaeology -- 3.4 Constructing the apparatus -- 3.5 Experiment One: Preliminary experimentation -- 3.6 Experiment Two -- 3.6.1 Hypothesis -- 3.6.2 Apparatus -- 3.6.3 Diagram -- 3.6.4 Method -- 3.6.5 Results -- 3.6.6 Discussion -- 3.6.7 Conclusions from practical experiment -- 3.6.8 Summary -- 3.7 Discussion -- 3.7.1 Reconstruction -- 3.7.2 The use of wood or charcoal -- 3.7.3 Relative energy of wood and charcoal -- 3.8 Further work -- Chapter Four -- Review of Remains in situ -- 4.1 Fieldwork in Pompeii -- 4.2 Gazetteer of the dye vats discovered in Pompeii to date -- 4.2.1 Defining the dye vats -- Attributes of a dye vat following the operation of a replica: -- 4.2.2 Extent of excavation in Pompeii. -- 4.3 The Survey and Gazetteer -- 4.3.1 Summary of dye vats -- Property I viii 19 -- Properties V I 4 and V I 5 -- Property VII xiv 17 -- Property VII ii 11 -- Property IX iii 2 -- 4.3.2 The discounted 'dye vat' -- 4.3.3 Flued vats -- 4.3.4 Vats and steps -- 4.4 Water supply to dye works.

4.5 Discrepancy between the digital map and the aerial photograph of Pompeii -- 4.6 Bowing -- 4.7 Recent excavation -- 4.8 Further work -- Full Gazetteer of Dyeing Apparatus in Pompeii -- Chapter Five -- Application of Ergonomics to Apparatus and Skeletal data -- 5.1 Ergonomics of a dyeing apparatus -- 5.2 The height of the average Roman -- 5.3 Ergonomics -- 5.4 Skeletal evidence from Herculaneum -- 5.5 Build -- 5.6 Criticism of data -- 5.7 Difference of approach -- 5.8 Studying Pompeii and Herculaneum -- 5.9 Understanding modern ergonomics -- 5.10 Lifting -- 5.11 Working day -- 5.12 Nutrition -- 5.13 Necessary steps -- Property I viii 19 -- Property Vi4 -- Property Vi5 -- Property VII ii 11 -- Property VII xiv 17 -- Property IX iii 2 -- 5.14 Summary -- 5.15 Further work -- Chapter Six -- Flued Experimental replica -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Flued vats -- 6.3 Vat size discrepancies in the replicas -- 6.4 Experiment Three -- 6.4.1 Hypothesis -- 6.4.2 Diagram -- 6.4.3 Apparatus -- 6.4.4 Method -- 6.4.5 Results -- 6.4.6 Discussion -- 6.4.7 Conclusion to Experiment Three -- 6.5 Stress on the vats -- 6.6 Summary -- Chapter Seven -- The Finite Element model -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Replicating the material behaviour of the apparatus -- 7.3 Creep -- 7.4 Changes over time -- 7.5 A virtual replica -- 7.5.1 Modelling the dye vat -- 7.5.2 Finite element analysis -- 7.5.3 Modelling creep -- 7.6 Requirements for the model -- 7.6.1 Experiment Four -- 7.6.1.1 Hypothesis -- 7.6.1.2 Apparatus -- 7.6.1.3 Diagram -- 7.6.1.4 Method -- 7.6.1.5 Results -- 7.6.1.6 Discussion of Experiment Four -- 7.6.1.7 Conclusion to Experiment Four -- 7.6.2 Average temperature profile -- 7.7 Constructing the finite element model -- 7.7.1 Modelling the apparatus in the computer -- 7.7.2 Geometric model -- 7.7.3 Material properties -- 7.7.4 Loading -- 7.7.4.1 Self-weight.

7.7.4.2 Hydrostatic loading -- 7.7.4.3 Static load -- 7.7.5 Introduction of temperature -- 7.8 Results -- 7.9 The constructed dyeing apparatus -- 7.10 Summary -- Chapter Eight -- Discussion -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 This work in context -- 8.2.1. Experimental archaeology -- 8.2.2 Definition of experiment -- 8.3 Review of standing remains -- 8.4 Ergonomics -- 8.5 Summary of each section of work -- 8.5.1 Original work, the foundation of study -- 8.5.2 Preliminary work -- 8.6 Assumptions applied to the industry -- 8.7 The new findings from this study -- 8.7.1 Significance of lead -- 8.7.2 Comparison of modern manufacturing systems to Roman dyeing -- 8.7.2.1 Inputs and outputs -- 8.7.2.2 Buffers -- 8.7.2.3 Storage -- 8.7.2.4 Information Process Cycle -- 8.8 Conclusions -- 8.9 Further work -- Glossary -- References -- Appendices -- Appendix One -- Coding Pompeii: The layout of the city and address description -- Location of dye works in Pompeii -- Location of properties -- Property I viii 19 -- Properties Vi4 and Vi5 -- Property VII ii 11 -- Property IX iii 2 -- Property VII xiv 17 -- Appendix Two -- Understanding the economic influence of the dyeing industry in Pompeii through the application of experimental archaeology and thermodynamics -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Dye vat design -- Methodology -- Implementation of Engineering Theory -- Results -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Appendix Three -- Appendix Four: Assembling lead data for model -- Appendix Five: Abaqus input decks -- Input deck for the lead column at 20oC, used to gain the data for the input deck for lead kettle. -- Input deck for the lead column at 40oC, used to gain the data for the input deck for lead kettle. -- Input deck for the lead kettle -- Online Content.