Warriors and Other Men : : Notions of Masculinity from the Late Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age in Scandinavia.

• Author: Skogstrand, Lisbeth.
• Place / Publishing House: Oxford : : Archaeopress,, 2016.; ©2016.
• Year of Publication: 2016
• Language: English
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (193 pages)

This book questions whether androcentric archaeology has taught us anything about prehistoric men and their masculinities.

Table of Contents

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Problems, method and material -- 1.2 Why men and masculinities? -- 1.3 Epistemological framework -- 1.3.1 Situated knowledge -- 1.3.2 Symmetrical archaeology -- 1.4 The structure of the book -- 2 Feminist Theory and the Conceptualisation of Gender -- 2.1 'I'm not a feminist, but…' Gender archaeology and feminist theory -- 2.1.1 To be, or not to be a feminist archaeologist -- 2.2 The conceptualisation of gender -- 2.2.1 Sex and gender -- 2.2.2 Age and life course -- 2.3 The body -- 2.3.1 The bioarchaeological body -- 2.3.2 The experienced body -- 2.4 Gender as performative -- 2.5 Conclusion -- 3 The Archaeology of Masculinity -- 3.1 Studies on men and masculinities -- 3.2 Masculinities -- 3.2.1 Masculinity as an analytical concept -- 3.2.2 The theory of hegemonic masculinity -- 3.2.3 Complementary masculinities and unmanliness -- 3.3 Is androcentric archaeology really about men? -- 3.3.1 Feminist critique of archaeology -- 3.3.2 Androcentric archaeology -- 3.3.3 Does androcentric archaeology provide knowledge about prehistoric men? -- 3.4 The archaeology of masculinity -- 3.4.1 Archaeological studies in men and masculinities -- 3.5 Conclusion -- Figure 1 A Southern Scandinavian Bronze Age Society? From the project "The old teaching charts" at Buskerud and Vestfold University College. (https://web.archive.org/web/20120206040412/http://www-lu.hive.no/plansjer/historie/ [visited 14.01.2016]) -- 4. The Social Archaeology of Burials -- 4.1 Funerals, graves and burials -- 4.1.1 Graves and burials -- 4.2 Funeral rituals -- 4.2.1 Cremation rituals -- 4.2.2 The cosmology of cremation funerals -- 4.3 Burials and social structures -- 4.3.1 Deposited objects -- 4.4 Gendered funeral rituals.

Figure 2 A cremation might be a magnificent sight and an awesome ceremony lasting for several hours. www.tollundmanden.dk © Niels Bach. -- Figure 3 Constructing the kerb and placing the dead. The first stages in the erection of a mound? © Arkikon -- 5. Analysis Methods and Variables -- 5.1 Quantitative analysis methods -- 5.1.1 Groups and series -- 5.1.2 The aim of the analysis -- 5.2 The variables -- 5.2.1 Graves -- 5.2.2 Burials -- 5.2.3 Pottery -- 5.2.4 Artefacts -- 5.2.5 Cremated bones -- 5.2.6 Chronology and dating -- 5.3 The chi-square test -- 5.4 The representativeness of the analyses -- Figure 4 Stone pavement at Gunnarstorp, Østfold, Grave 16 (Wangen 2009, pl.73). © Museum of Cultural History, Oslo. -- Figure 5 Kerb around a LBA mound, Lerbjerg, Funen (Thrane 2004:223). © Odense City Museums. -- Figure 6 Bronze vessel, C2877, Braaten, Norderhov, Buskerud. © Museum of Cultural History, Oslo. -- Figure 7 Urn burial in profile at Herregårdsbekken, Vestfold Norway. Photo: Grethe Moell Pedersen, © Museum of Cultural History, Oslo. -- Figure 8 Urn burial surrounded by stone slabs, Lerberg, Funen (Thrane 2004: 224).© Odense City Museums. -- Figure 9 Bone layer, shown as xxx. Grave 60, Gunnarstorp, Østfold (Wangen 2009, pl.31). -- Figure 10 Vessels type B (Jensen 1997: 101). -- Figure 11 Vessel type C with rusticated lower body and incised horizontal lines (Thrane 2004, pl-58:4). -- Figure 12 Vessel type E, burial 1331, Møllegårdsmarken (Albrectsen 1971, tavle 87c), see appendix 6. © Odense City Museums. -- Figure 13 Vessel type F, burial 1174, Møllegårdsmarken (Albrectsen 1971, tavle 78e), see appendix 6. © Odense City Museums. -- Figure 14 Vessel type G, burial 1041, Møllegårdsmarken (Albrectsen 1971, tavle 138c), see appendix 6. © Odense City Museums. -- Figure 15 Vessel with handles (Sehested 1878, tavle XXIV).

Figure 16 Urn with rosette symbols and grooves (Sehested 1884, tavle XIX). -- Figure 17 Lines, furrows, circular impressions, triangular hatchings (Sehested 1884, tavle XIX). -- Figure 18 Morphological cranial differences between males and females where 1= typically male and 5 = typically female (redrawn after Buikstra and Ubelaker 1994 in Sofaer 2006: 93). -- Figure 19 Periods used in the analysis of burials from Eastern Norway and LBA in Funen. -- Figure 20 Periods used in the analysis of Møllegårdsmarken (after Albrectsen 1956, 1968 -- 1971). -- 6. The Late Bronze Age in Funen, Denmark -- 6.1 The selection of data -- 6.2 Analyses of cremation burials from LBA Funen -- 6.2.1 Dating -- 6.2.2 Sex and age group -- 6.2.3 Graves -- 6.2.4 Burials -- 6.2.5 Bones -- 6.2.6 Artefacts -- 6.2.7 Pottery -- 6.2.8 Correlations -- 6.2.9 Summing up -- 6.3 Notions of masculinities in LBA Funen -- 6.3.1 The representativity of the analysis results -- 6.3.2 The masculinities of the warrior elite -- 6.3.3 Other men -- 6.4 Hegemonic masculinity in LBA -- Figure 21 Denmark with Funen in the middle. © 2013 Google Maps. -- Figure 22 The number of burials dated to different periods (see also appendix 1, table 1). -- Figure 23 The relation between males and females in burials from per IV-VI (see also appendix 1, table 2). -- Figure 24 The relation between sex and grave types in LBA (see also appendix 1, table 3). -- Figure 25 The relation between males, age group, and grave types (see also appendix 1, table 4). -- Figure 26 The share of male and female burials containing different categories of artefacts in LBA (see also appendix 1, table 7 and 8). -- Figure 27 The relations between sex, age group and the type of vessel in LBA burials (see also appendix 1, table 9).

Figure 28 The relation between artefact categories and vessel types in male burials (see also appendix 1, table 12). -- Figure 29 Late Bronze Age warriors possibly boasting of their ancestry at Raä 125 Hede, Kville, Sweden. Photo: Torsten Högberg, © Vitlycke Museum. -- Figure 30 Bronze razor and tweezers with gold inlay (B1515), Late Bronze Age, per.V, from a mound in Løve, Holbæk, Denmark. © National Museum of Denmark. -- Figure 31 Late Bronze Age acrobatic figurine from Grevensvænge, Denmark. © National Museum of Denmark. -- Figure 32 Sexualised performances on the rock art. Raä 182 Svälte, Kville, Sweden. Photo: Torsten Högberg, © Vitlycke museum. -- 7. The Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age in Eastern Norway -- 7.1 The selection of data -- 7.2 Analysis of cremation burials from Eastern Norway -- 7.2.1 Regional distribution -- 7.2.2 Dating -- 7.2.3 Sex and age group -- 7.2.4 Graves -- 7.2.5 Burials -- 7.2.6 Bones -- 7.2.7 Artefacts -- 7.2.8 Correlations -- 7.2.9 Summing up -- 7.3 Where are all the males? -- 7.3.1 The representativity of the female majority in burials -- 7.3.2 Changing kinship structures -- 7.3.3 Increasing stratification and marriage alliances in RP -- 7.4 Bear claws in Roman Period burials -- 7.4.1 Bear facts -- 7.4.2 The bear claws in Roman Period burials -- 7.4.3 Hunters or warriors? -- 7.4.4 Animal symbolism, animal agency and the construction of masculinity -- 7.4.5 Shamanism and seiðr -- 7.4.6 A shamanic masculinity? -- 7.5 The warrior -- 7.5.1 War systems and masculinity -- 7.5.2 The Roman impact in Germania -- 7.5.3 Archaeological traces of warfare in Southern Scandinavia in RP -- 7.5.4 Weapons in burials in Eastern Norway -- 7.5.5 The warrior masculinity of the Inland regions -- 7.5.6 Warrior elite masculinities in Østfold -- 7.5.7 The warrior masculinities in Eastern Norway in the Roman Period.

7.6 The masculinities of Eastern Norway in the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age -- Figure 33 Map of Southern Norway with all counties in Eastern Norway marked. © 2012 Google Earth and Wikipedia Commons. -- Figure 34 The regional distribution of the analysed burials in Eastern Norway throughout the period under investigation. LBA and PRIA in black and RP in white (see also appendix 2, table 1). -- Figure 35 The number of burials dated to different periods in Eastern Norway (see also appendix 2, table 2). -- Figure 36 The relations between sex and age groups in PRIA to the left and RP to the right (see also appendix 2, table 3). -- Figure 37 The relative distribution of male and female individuals in burials from LBA-LRP (see appendix 2, table 4). -- Figure 38 The relation between sex and grave types in RP (see also appendix 2, table 5). -- Figure 39 The relation between sex and burial types in RP (see also appendix 2, table 8). -- Figure 40 The relations between sex and the degree of burning in PRIA to the left and RP to the right (see also appendix 2, table 9 and 10). -- Figure 41 The relation between sex and cleaning of bones in EPRIA (see also appendix 2, table 11). -- Figure 42 The relation between sex, age group and cleaning in LRP (see also appendix 2, table 12). -- Figure 43 The relation between sex and the amounts of bones from LBA to the left to LRP to the right (see also appendix 2, table 13). -- Figure 44 The share of male and female burials containing different categories of artefacts in ERP (see also appendix 2, table 14 and 15). -- Figure 45 The share of male and female burials containing different categories of artefacts in LRP (see also appendix 2, table 16 and 17). -- Figure 46 The bear is an excellent climber. Photo and © Jan Ove Gjershaug, http://www.rovdata.no -- Figure 47 The relation between sex and bear claws in RP burials.

Figure 48 Burnt bear claws from a burial at Sæbø, Kvinnherad, Hordaland. Photo: Ann-Mari Olsen, © University Museum of Bergen.