Irish Late Iron Age Equestrian Equipment in Its Insular and Continental Context.

• Superior document: Queen's University Belfast Irish Archaeological Monograph ; v.2
• Author: Maguire, Rena.
• Place / Publishing House: Oxford : : Archaeopress,, 2021.; ©2021.
• Year of Publication: 2021
• Language: English
• Series: Queen's University Belfast Irish Archaeological Monograph
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (294 pages)

This is the first practical archaeological study of Irish Iron Age lorinery. The horse and associated equipment were very much at the heart of the social changes set in motion by contact with the Roman Empire; the examination of the snaffles and bosals allows us to bring the people of the Late Iron Age in Ireland into focus.

Table of Contents

Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright page -- Contents -- List of Figures -- Figure 2.1 Pseudo Irish Type E bit found in Transylvanian region of Romania. -- Figure 3.1 Parts of a snaffle. -- Figure 3.2 Modern snaffle types. -- Figure 3.3 How single joint and double joint snaffles function. -- Figure 3.4 Parts of a Y-piece. -- Figure 3.5 How a bosal and mecate hackamore work (Image courtesy of Summer Jackson, modelled by Dancer). -- Figure 3.6 Mechanical hackamore. Image from Wikicommons (CC BY 2.0). -- Figure 3.7 Cannon styles of Irish Late Iron Age bits. -- Figure 3.8 Types of central links: modern examples on top, Iron Age at bottom. -- Figure 3.10 Stop stud types. -- Figure 3.9 Use of link types on different types of Irish Iron Age snaffle. -- Figure 3.11 Gold stater from Dover, FASAM-FCD3A2, showing a bosal-like structure under the horse's jaw. -- Figure 3.12 Kehlberge, Raddatz 639, R0639, Lau PG 123, Inv.-Nr. SH1858-1.34 (F.S. 6347) from Thorsberg Moor assemblage. -- Figure 3.13 Finial types which define the various Y-pieces styles. -- Figure 3.14 Use wear on bits and Y-pieces. -- Figure 3.15 Hypothetical reconstruction of a Late Iron Age bridle, using use-wear to inform of fit. -- Figure 3.16 How to measure a bit - detail shows why, with end of cannon outside of mouth. -- Figure 3.17 Heights of animals in Ireland, using bit size as a loose gauge. -- Figure 3.18 Diagram showing sizes of animals in hands high (hh). -- Figure 4.1 Placement of decoration on Y-piece specimens. -- Figure 4.2 Placement of decoration on bit specimens. -- Figure 4.3 Styles of stop studs on bit types. -- Figure 4.4 Iron 'loop' bits. Photograph by permission of National Museum of Antiquities, Leiden. -- Figure 4.5 Detail of head decoration on Heidelberg carving, compared to stop stud decoration.

Figure 4.6 Comparison of Witham shield umbo (left) with Tara/Skryn Y-piece (right). After Maguire 2017: 187, fig. 3. -- Figure 4.7 Comparison of objects. -- Figure 4.8 Roman period harness pendant, incorporating the manu fichu and re-imagined La Tène derivative 'eyes'. -- Figure 5.1 General distribution of bits and Y-pieces. -- Figure 5.2 Distribution of Irish La Tène derivative metalwork (Warner 2002a). -- Figure 5.3. Distribution of Type A bits. -- Figure 5.4. Distribution of Type B bits. -- Figure 5.5 Distribution of Type C bits. -- Figure 5.6 Distribution of Type D bits. -- Figure 5.7 Distribution of Type E bits. -- Figure 5.8 Distribution of uncategorised bits. -- Figure 5.9 Distribution of sizes of bits, indicating sizes of equids. -- Figure 5.10 Distribution of Type 1a Y-piece. -- Figure 5.11 Distribution of Type 1b Y-piece. -- Figure 5.12 Distribution of Type 1d Y-piece. -- Figure 5.13 Distribution of Type 1e Y-piece. -- Figure 5.14 Distribution of Type 2a Y-pieces. -- Figure 5.15 Distribution of Type 2b Y-pieces. -- Figure 5.16 Distribution of Type 2c Y-piece. -- Figure 5.17 Distribution of uncategorised Y-pieces. -- Figure 5.18. Breakdown of hoard distributions which include tack. -- Figure 5.19 Hoards and associated finds. -- Figure 5.20 Bits and Y-pieces within GIS kernel density 'hotspot' model. -- Figure 5.21 Distribution of Irish tack compared to Roman finds. -- Figure 5.22 Kernal density 'hotspot' model compared to projected routes of the ancient tracks, or sligheann. -- Figure 5.23 Breakdown of landscape features to tack find spots. -- Figure 5.24 Breakdown of bits (top) and Y-piece finds (bottom). -- Figure 5.25 Percentages of provenanced Y-pieces. -- Figure 5.26 Percentages of provenanced bits. -- Figure 6.1 Detail by author of horse head in bridle, Sanctuary of Apollo, Cyprus.

Figure 6.2 Detail of Baekkedal bridle, photograph by kind permission of Dr Torben Sarauw and Nordjyske Museer. -- Figure 6.3 Single bar snaffle from Rise, Kingston on Hull, authors drawing. -- Figure 6.4 Stanwick Hoard snaffle mouthpiece, authors drawing. -- Figure 6.5 Polden Hill 'fletchling' cuff detail, compared to cheek ring detail from Siebenbürgen. -- Figure 6.6 Hagbourne Hill snaffle detail, authors drawing. -- Figure 6.7 Estimates of British equid sizes, using same method as used on Irish snaffles. -- Figure 6.8 Distribution of bits, compiled from data in Palk 1984 and 1991. -- Figure 6.9 Irish 2a Y-piece butt terminal, Kingston Deverill, Wiltshire. PAS WILT-9E5865. -- Figure 6.10 Metal snaffle and rein rings from Thorsberg Moor. -- Figure 6.11 Kehlberge. -- Figure 6.12 Roman psalion/mechanical hackamore, reconstructed by Ala Batavorum group, Netherlands. -- List of Tables -- List of Plates -- Plate 1. Type A bits. IB1A LlynCerrigBach. IB4A, IB5A both Ballymoyer Bog, Armagh. Actual size. -- Plate 2. IB2A Not to scale, from Rossknowlagh Museum. IB6A Ballymoyer Bog, Armagh. Actual size. -- Plate 3. IB3A, after Raftery 1983, fig. 1, no. 5. IB7A, unknown. Actual size. -- Plate 4. IB1B. Ballina Costello, Mayo IB2B, after Raftery 1983, fig. 7, no. 11. Scale 1:2. -- Plate 5. IB3B, Armagh. IB4B, unknown. Actual size. -- Plate 6. IB5B, unknown. IB6B, unknown. Actual size. -- Plate 7. IB7B, unknown. IB8B, Lough Beg after Raftery 1983, fig. 4, no. 8. Scale 1:2. -- Plate 8. IB9B, Cotton Bog, Newtownards. IB12B, Annashanco, Fermanagh. Actual size. -- Plate 9. IB10B. Meath. IB11B, Urraghry, Aughrim, Galway. Scale 1:2. -- Plate 10. IB13B, unknown. IB20B, unknown. Actual size. -- Plate 11. IB15B, unknown. IB18B, unknown. Scale 1:2. -- Plate 12. IB14B, Leap, Offaly. IB21B, Armagh. IB23B, unknown. Scale 1:2.

Plate 13. IB24B. IB25B. Both Abbeyshrule, Longford. Scale 1:2. -- Plate 14. IB28B, unknown. IB29B, Kilmore, Antrim. Actual size -- Plate 15. IB32B, Tracton Abbey. IB33B, unknown. IB35B, unknown. Scale 1:2. -- Plate 16. IB34B, unknown. IB38B, unknown. IB39B, unknown. Scale 1:2. -- Plate 17. IB41B, unknown. IB42B, unknown. Scale 1:2. -- Plate 18. IB43B, Navan, Meath. IB44B, Kinnefad, Offaly. Scale 1:2. -- Plate 19. IB36B, unknown. IB37B, unknown. Scale 1:2. -- Plate 20. IB45B, unknown. IB46B, unknown. Scale 1:2. -- Plate 21. IB47B, unknown. IB48B, unknown. Scale 1:2. -- Plate 22. IB49B, unknown. IB40B, unknown. IB50B. Scale 1:2. -- Plate 23. IB53B, unknown. IB54B, unknown. Actual size. -- Plate 24. IB51B, unknown. IB52B, unknown. Scale 1:2. -- Plate 25. IB17B, Toomevara. IB26B, unknown. Scale 1:2. -- Plate 26. IB55B, after Raftery 1983, fig. 8, no. 59. IB. Scale 1:2. -- Plate 27. IB22B, Glenleslie, Antrim. IB19B, Headfort, Kerry and IB31B, Dublin, after Raftery 1983, fig 13, no. 21 and fig. 15, no. 18. Actual size. -- Plate 28. IB30B L Inchiquin, after Raftery 1983, fig. 8, no 14. IB16B, after Raftery 1983, fig. 3, no. 57. Scale 1:2. -- Plate 29. IB27B, Ballynahinchafter Raftery 1983, fig. 10, no. 16. Scale 1:2. -- Plate 30. IB1C, unknown. IB2C, unknown. IB3C, unknown. Actual size. -- Plate 31. IB4C, Gortgole, Antrim. IB5C after Raftery 1983, fig. 22, no 68. Scale 1:2. -- Plate 32. IB1D Streamstown, Westmeath after Raftery 1983, fig. 30, no. 83. IB3D, unknown. Scale 1:2. -- Plate 33. IB5D, Roscommon. IB6D, DurkIsland, Cormongan. Scale 1:2. -- Plate 34. IB4D, unknown. IB10D and IB11D, Ballymoney, Garry Bog. Actual size. -- Plate 35. IB8D, Killucan, Westmeath. IB12D, Bushmills, Antrim. IB13D, unknown. Scale 1:2. -- Plate 36. IB20D, Aghivey, Derry. IB22D, Ballynaminton, Offaly. Scale 1:2. -- Plate 37. IB15D, unknown. IB18D, unknown. Actual size.

Plate 38. IB32D, Dolgellau, Wales after Raftery 1983, fig. 33, no. 136. IB16D, Streamstown after Raftery 1983, fig. 30, no. 84. Scale 1:2. -- Plate 39. IB21D, unknown. IB23D, unknown. Scale 1:2. -- Plate 40. IB7D, Loughan Island, Derry. IB14D, Co. Dublin, after Raftery 1983, fig. 24, no. 76. IB9D Clongill, Meath after Raftery 1983 fig. 27, no 98. Scale 1:2. -- Plate 41. IB24D, unknown. IB25D, Loughan Island. Scale 1:2. -- Plate 42. IB26D, Tara/Skryn Valley, Meath. IB27D, unknown. Scale 1:2. -- Plate 43. IB28D, unknown. IB29D, unknown. Actual size. -- Plate 44. IB31D, Tensbury Wells, England. After Raftery 1983, fig. 26., 96. Scale 1:2. -- Plate 45. IB17D, unknown. After Raftery 1983, fig. 32, no. 92. IB33D after Raftery 1983, fig. 32, no. 85. Scale 1:2. -- Plate 46. IB1E, unknown. IB6E, 'Northern Ireland'. Scale 1:2. -- Plate 47. IB4E and IB5E. Both Attymon, Galway. Scale 1:2. -- Plate 48. IB9E, unknown. IB11E, Galway. Scale 1:2. -- Plate 49. IB7E, Cong, Mayo, from Raftery 1983, fig. 34, no. 106. Scale 1:2. -- Plate 50. IB10E, unknown. IB13E, unknown. Actual size. -- Plate 51. IB12E, unknown. IB14E, unknown. Scale 1:2. -- Plate 52. IB15E, Co. Wicklow. IB16E, Co. Antrim. Scale 1:2. -- Plate 53. IB17E, Glenleslie, Antrim. IB19E, unknown, Scale 1:2. -- Plate 54. IB20E, unknown. IB23E, unknown. Scale 1:2. -- Plate 55. IB22E, unknown. IB27E, Roscommon, near Tulsk. Scale 1:2. -- Plate 56. IB25E, Ummeracam, Armagh. IB18E, unknown. Scale 1:2. -- Plate 57. IB26E, unknown. IB28E, Tulsk, Roscommon. Scale 1:2. -- Plate 58. IB29E, unknown. IB30E, unknown. Scale 1:2. -- Plate 59. IB31E, Newgrange, Meath. IB32E, unknown. Scale 1:2. -- Plate 60. UCB1, Derryhollagh, Antrim. UCB3 and UCB4 unknown. UCB7, Kilmallock, Limerick. Actual size. -- Plate 61. UCB2 Killeevan, Monaghan. UCB5, Loughan Island. Scale 1:2.

Plate 62. UCB8 , unknown. UCB9, Dundrum, Down. Scale 1:2.