Fractures in knapping / / Are Tsirk.

• VerfasserIn: Tsirk, Are, 1937-2015,
• Place / Publishing House: Oxford : : Archaeopress,, [2014]; ©2014
• Year of Publication: 2014
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (xii, 261 pages) :; illustrations

This book is for students and practitioners of not only knapping, lithic technology and archaeology, but also of fractography and fracture mechanics. In general, understanding of fractures provides a sounder basis for lithic analysis, and use of more recent scientific tools opens new avenues for lithic studies.

Table of Contents

Book cover -- List of Tables -- Copyright page -- Contents -- List of Figures and Tables -- Preface -- 1. Knapping Past and Present -- Introduction -- Traditional Crafts and Industrial Society -- Prehistoric Knapping -- Recent and Remnant Knapping Traditions -- Some Specialized Knapping Traditions -- Gunflints -- Threshing Sledges -- Ceramic Industry -- Modern Knapping and Recent Explosion Of Interest -- Knapping Studies -- Archaeological Record -- Ethnography -- Knapping Experiments -- Living Archaeology -- Mechanics, Fracture Mechanics and Fractography -- Contemporary Crafts -- 2. Knapping Tools and Techniques -- Antler and Wood Billets -- Hammerstones -- Punches -- Pressure Flakers -- Holding and Fabricating Devices -- Anvils and Supports -- Hides -- Grinding and Abrading Stones -- Nontraditional Tools and Acessories -- Use-Wear Indicators -- Direct Percussion -- Anvil Technique and Anvil Percussion -- Bipolar Percussion -- Indirect Percussion -- Pressure Flaking -- Pecking, Grinding, Polishing -- Edge and Platform Preparation -- Some Rules of Thumb -- Knappers' Wisdom, Folklore and Dilemmas -- Softer Percussors and Slower Blows -- Follow-Through with Forces -- Ridge Abrasion -- Wetting and Soaking -- Learning to Knap -- 3. Raw Materials -- Material Selection and Use -- Obsidian -- Flint and Chert -- Other Materials -- Physical and Mechanical Properties -- Microstructure and Physical Properties -- Homogeneity and Isotropy -- Elasticity, Ductility, Brittleness -- Elastic Constants -- Constants for Thermal Effects -- Strength and Fracture Toughness -- Mirror Constants -- Workability -- Alteration of Properties And Behavior -- Hydration and Vesiculation of Obsidian -- Cortex and Patina on Flint and Chert -- Thermal Cracking -- Thermal Alteration and Heat Treatment -- Environmental Effects -- Procurement.

Nontraditional Uses of Obsidian, Flint and Chert -- 4. An Overview -- 5. Hackles and Hackle Scars -- Twist Hackles and Single Tails -- Multiple Tails -- Parabolic Double Tails -- Hackle Scars -- Hackle Scar and Hackle Flake -- Bulbar Scar and Proximal Scar -- Ripple Scars -- Ridge Scars -- More on Hackle Scar Formation -- 6. Ripples -- Ripples -- Wallner Lines -- Normal Wallner Lines -- Anomalous Wallner Lines -- Stress Changes Causing Ripples -- Static Effects -- Specimen Vibration -- Stress Pulses -- Experimental Ripples -- Ultrasonic Modulation -- Sonic Modulation -- Exploding Wire Experiments -- Terminology and Interpretations by Others -- 7. Mirror, Mist, Hackle, Branching -- Mirror -- Mist and Velocity Hackle -- Branching, Incipient Branching and Lateral Wedges -- Velocity and Energy Considerations -- Mirror Constants and Stresses -- Markings Related to Mist and Hackle -- Wallner Mist-Hackle Configuration -- Mist Suppression Configurations -- Mist Lines -- 8. Miscellaneous Markings -- Material Interface Markings -- Material Interface Ridges and Ripples -- Material Interface Hackle -- Material Transition Ridge -- Split Marks -- Dividing Lines -- Ruffles -- Liquid-Induced Fracture Markings (Lifms) -- Effects of Moisture and Liquids -- Conditions for Manifestation of LIFMs -- Occurrence of LIFMs -- Significance of LIFMs -- Basic Kinds of LIFMs -- A Catalogue of LIFMs and Patterns -- Observation of LIFMs -- Variability with Liquids -- Variability with Lithic Materials -- LIFMs with Sonic Modulation -- LIFMs Observed with Condensation -- Some Surface Patterns -- 9. Introduction -- Elements of a Mechanical System And Knapping -- Stresses, Stress Waves and Vibrations -- Some Fundamentals in Fracture Mechanics -- Catastrophic and Subcritical Crack Growth -- Research on Fractures in Knapping -- Other Research.

10. Flake Initiations, Proximal and Surface Features -- Flake Initiations -- Some Definitions -- Hertzian Cone Fractures -- Contact Initiations -- Non-Contact Initiations -- Initiations with Multiple Blows -- Effects of Cortex and "Layering" -- Environmental Effects -- Percussor Softness and Speed -- Proximal Flake Features -- Platform Characteristics -- Dorsal Ridges and Curvatures -- Interior Platform Edge -- Wing Flakes -- Bulbs -- Popouts and Stepouts -- Flake Surface Features -- Fracture Directions -- Ripple Configurations and Fracture Fronts -- Ripple Concavity -- Ripples Related to Flake and Core Geometry -- Ripples at Inhomogeneities -- Why Ridges Guide Flakes -- Fracture Velocities -- Mist and Related Markings -- Hackle Scars -- Ruffles -- Split Marks -- Tails and Incipient Tails -- 11. Crack Paths and Flake Profile Features -- Criteria for Crack Paths -- Crack Paths and Core Geometry -- Crack Paths and Forces Applied -- Popouts and Related Fractures -- Compression Lips, Curls and Compression Wedges -- Step-In and Step-Out Fractures -- Incipient Breaks -- Popout Fractures -- Ripple Profiles and Kinks -- Wavy Crack Paths -- Flake Terminations -- "Jacked" Flakes -- 12. Forces in Knapping -- Non-Contact Flake Initiations -- Edge Angle and Core Geometry -- Location and Direction of Force Application -- Platform Characteristics -- Flaw Distributions -- Flaker Properties -- Contact Initiations -- Location of Force Application -- Direction of Force Application -- Edge Angle and Core Geometry -- Platform Characteristics -- Flaw Distributions -- Flaker Properties -- Contact and Non-Contact Flake Initiations: Comparisons -- Subsequent Detachment -- Direct Percussion -- Percussor Characteristics -- Velocity of Blows -- Indirect Percussion -- Punch Characteristics -- Striker Characteristics -- Core Mobility -- Percussion Flaking -- Pressure Flaking.

Supports -- Distal -- Dorsal -- Bipolar Percussion -- 13. Breakage of Blades, Flakes and Bifaces -- Axial Loads, Bending, Shear, Torsion and Their Effects -- Clues from Fracture Markings and Other Features -- Some Fractures with Blades and Flakes -- Splitting of Blades and Flakes -- Step-In and Step-Out Fractures -- Incipient Breaks -- Popouts -- Some Fractures with Bifaces -- Overshots and Edge-to-Edge Flakes -- Amputations -- Transverse Breakages -- Fracture Origins -- Fracture Directions -- Compression Lips, Curls and Compression Wedges -- These features are characteristic of breakage by bending (Fig. 11.1). Their formation is discussed in Chapter 11. The characteristic dimensions of the compression lips, curls and compression wedges are observed to vary significantly. The length of a compr -- Mist and Related Markings -- Branching and Lateral Wedges for Blades and Flakes -- Fracture Velocities -- Location of Force Application -- Some Special Breaks -- Bowties -- Slices -- Segmentation -- Aztec Appreciation of Mechanics -- Concluding Remarks -- Glossary -- References -- Index -- Fig. 1.2 A Solutrean laurel leaf from Volgu, France. The cast is 27.4 cm long and about 7 mm thick. (The photo is of a cast from the Museum of Man in Paris.) -- Fig. 1.3 A Paleoindian Clovis Point from Blackwater No.1 Site. 10.6 cm long. The arrow indicates a fracture marking known as a split ridge (Chapter 8), seen poorly. (Photo is of Bostrom's plastic cast by Kristian Mets.) -- Fig. 1.4 Replica of an Egyptian Predynastic Gerzian knife. Flint, 25.2 cm long.(Kelterborn 1984. Reproduced with permission) -- Fig.1.5 Type IV-E Danish dagger. Errett Callahan's replica of the famous Hindsgavl Dagger. Flint, 29.3 cm long. (Callahan 1999, reproduced with permission).

Fig. 1.6 Type IC Danish dagger. Replica by Greg Nunn. An excellent example of edge-to-edge flaking. It broke during final retouch. Flint, ca 26 cm long. (Nunn 2006, reproduced with permission.) -- Fig. 1.7 Replicas of Neolithic square section axes of Denmark by Thorbjorn Petersen (Courtesy of Errett Callahan. Photo by Jack Cresson). -- Fig. 1.8 An exhausted blade core on the gunflint knappers work floor at Brandon. -- Fig. 1.9 Threshing sledges in Turkey. The one at the right, as well as the partly seen sloping one at the left, has two wide blanks. The lower two photos show the details of the flint blade inserts. These were in a "coffee shop" in the tourist section of -- Fig. 1.10 Knapped blocks at Eben-Emaël for porcelain industry. Squared blocks for end of the mill. (Callahan 1985. Reproduced with permission.) -- Table 3.1 Major Constituents in Obsidians -- Table 3.3 Constants for Thermal Effects -- Table 3.4 Examples of Fracture Toughness -- Fig. 3.1 Callahan's proposed lithic grade scale (Callahan 1979, reproduced with permission) -- Fig. 3.2a Workability vs. K1c -- Fig. 3.2b Fracture Toughness vs. Lithic Grade -- Fig. 3.3 Potlid fractures: At the bottom of the center column is a potlid fracture on which a secondary one (shown above it) occurred at its inner surface. A potlid fracture with the associated potlid is shown in the right column. -- Fig. 3.4 A frost pitted nodule of Cobden chert. -- Fig. 3.5 Sinuous fracture of a chert biface due to cooling too fast. Burlington chert from Crescent Quarry. -- Fig. 3.6 A modern Normanskill chert quarry in Greene County, New York. The chert and the parent shale are used in contemporary construction. The scale of the operation is seen by the construction equipment in the background. The nodules and boulders seen.

Fig. 3.7 Use of flint for houses in Brandon, England. The Bell on the top left, presently an inn, has untrimmed flint nodules in the wall. The brick house on the right uses trimmed flint as decoration in the brickwork. It used to belong to the gunflint kn.