The geography of trade : : landscapes of competition and long-distance contacts in Mesopotamia and Anatolia in the old Assyrian colony period / / Alessio Palmisano.

• VerfasserIn: Palmisano, Alessio,
• Place / Publishing House: Oxford : : Archeopress Publishing Ltd,, [2018]; ©2018
• Year of Publication: 2018
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (208 pages) :; illustrations (some color), maps

From the mid-20th century onwards, consolidated study of the merchant archives from the Old Assyrian trading colony at Kanes (Kültepe) has not only transformed our understanding of the social, economic and political dynamics of the Bronze Age Near East, but also overturned many preconceived notions...

Table of Contents

• Cover
• Title Page
• Copyright Information Page
• Contents Page
• List of Figures
• List of Tables
• Acknowledgements
• Chapter 1
• Introduction
• 1.1 Overview
• 1.2 Chronological and geographical setting
• 1.3 Research Questions
• 1.4 Aims and Objectives
• 1.5 Choice of Data and Methodology
• 1.6 Book Outline
• Chapter 2
• Theoretical Approaches to Landscape, Political Geography and Trade
• 2.1 Introduction
• 2.2 Defining an archaeological landscape
• 2.3 Cities, States and City-States
• 2.3.1 Definition and Origin
• 2.4 Structural characteristics of pre-industrial complex economies
• 2.4.1 Theoretical frameworks
• 2.4.2 Property and Land Management
• 2.4.3 Craft production
• 2.5 Economic policy and interregional interaction
• 2.6 Summary
• FIGURE 2.1. A SCHEMATIC, HIGHLY STYLISED MODEL OF CITY-STATE.
• FIGURE 2.2. A SCHEMATIC MODEL OF EARLY PRE-INDUSTRIAL ECONOMIES IN THE NEAR EAST.
• FIGURE 3.1. SOUTH-EASTERN ANATOLIA AND UPPER MESOPOTAMIA IN THE EARLY SECOND MILLENNIUM BC.
• FIGURE 3.2. SCHEMATIC PLAN OF AŠŠUR IN THE OLD ASSYRIAN PERIOD.
• FIGURE 3.3. KÜLTEPE'S MAIN MOUND (HÖYÜK) AND LOWER TOWN.
• FIGURE 3.4. THE OLD PALACE (LEVEL 8) AND THE WARŠAMA'S PALACE (LEVEL 7) ON KÜLTEPE'S MAIN MOUND.
• FIGURE 3.5. THE NEAR EAST IN THE 18TH CENTURY BC.
• FIGURE 3.6. DISTRIBUTION OF OLD ASSYRIAN COMMERCIAL SETTLEMENTS DURING KÜLTEPE'S LOWER TOWN LEVEL II (C. 1970-1835 BC).
• FIGURE 3.7. DISTRIBUTION OF OLD ASSYRIAN COMMERCIAL SETTLEMENTS DURING KÜLTEPE'S LOWER TOWN LEVEL IB (C. 1835-1700 BC).
• FIGURE 3.8. OLD ASSYRIAN TRADE SCHEMATIC MODEL.
• FIGURE 4.1. ALABASTRON TYPE SYRIAN BOTTLES FROM ESKIYAPAR (1
• ÖZGÜÇ 1986: FIGURE 3:9), KÜLTEPE (2
• ÖZGÜÇ 1986: FIGURE 3.3), TELL BI'A (3
• STROMMENGER AND KOHLMEYER 1998: PLATE 177), AND TELL BRAK (4
• OATES ET AL. 2001: FIGURE 190). DRAWING BY AUTHOR.
• FIGURE 4.2. DIFFERENT TYPOLOGIES OF SYRIAN BOTTLES: OVOID-EGG SHAPE (1A-C), GLOBULAR SHAPE (2A-B), CYLINDRICAL SHAPE (3A-B), AND PIRIFORM SHAPE (4A). FROM KÜLTEPE LEVEL IA (1a, 1b, 2a, 3a
• EMRE 1999: PLATE I: 1-4), KÜLTEPE LEVEL IB (4a
• EMRE 1999: PLATE I
• FIGURE 4.3. DISTRIBUTION OF SYRIAN BOTTLES IN THE THIRD MILLENNIUM BC.
• FIGURE 4.4. DISTRIBUTION OF SYRIAN BOTTLES IN THE EARLY SECOND MILLENNIUM BC (CA. 2000-1700 BC).
• FIGURE 4.5. SYRIAN BOTTLES FROM ALALAKH'S PALACE, LEVEL VII (A-B
• HEINZ 1992: PLATE 12: 49, 47). PLAN REDRAWN AFTER WOOLLEY 1953: FIGURE 12, WITH SOME MODIFICATIONS.
• FIGURE 4.6. KHABUR WARE (PHASE I): JARS (1-6), BOWLS (7-9). FROM TELL AL RIMAH (1, 5, 8
• OATES 1970: PLATE IX: 2, 1, 3), TELL JIGAN (2
• OGUCHI 1997: PLATE II-2: 8), TELL MOZAN (3
• BUCCELLATI AND KELLY-BUCCELLATI 1988: FIGURE 26: M1 83), TELL TAYA (4, 7, 9
• FIGURE 4.7. KHABUR WARE JARS (PHASE II): WIDE MOUTHED (1-2), SHORT/LONG NECKED (3-5), GLOBULAR (6-7). FROM TELL THUWAIJ (1
• FUJI ET AL. 1989-1990: FIGURE 7: 12), TELL FISNA (2
• NUMOTO 1988: FIGURE 25: 225), CHAGAR BAZAR (5, 6
• MALLOWAN 1937: FIGURE 21: 12
• FIGURE 4.8. KHABUR WARE (PHASE II): BOWLS (1-3), CUPS/BEAKERS (4-7), AND GRAIN MEASURES/KRATERS (8-10). FROM TELL JIGAN (1
• OGUCHI 1997 A: PLATE II-16: 8)
• TELL THUWAIJ (3
• FUJI ET AL. 1989-1990: FIGURE 7: 14), KÜLTEPE (6-7
• ÖZGÜÇ 1953: FIGURES 25 AND 26)
• FIGURE 4.9. KHABUR WARE PAINTED DECORATIONS (REDRAWN AND MODIFIED FROM FAIVRE AND NICOLLE 2007: PLATE XVI).
• FIGURE 4.10. DISTRUBUTION OF KHABUR WARE PERIOD I (C. 2000-1800 BC).
• FIGURE 4.11. DISTRIBUTION OF KHABUR WARE PERIOD II (C. 1800-1750/30 BC).
• FIGURE 4.12. THE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF KHABUR WARE (PHASE I-II, C. 2000-1750/1730 BC).
• FIGURE 4.13. FREQUENCY OF VESSEL SHAPES IN THE MAIN AND SECONDARY DISTRIBITION ZONES.
• FIGURE 4.14. FREQUENCY OF VESSELS BY CONTEXT IN THE MAIN AND SECONDARY DISTRIBUTION ZONES.
• FIGURE 4.15. FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE OF VESSEL SHAPES IN EACH CONTEXT.
• FIGURE 4.16. PRESUMED EXTENT OF ŠAMŠI-ADAD I'S KINGDOM.
• FIGURE 4.17. TYPOLOGIES OF BALANCE WEIGHTS IN THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST: SPHENDONOID (1-8), DISC-SHAPED (9), SPHERICAL (10-11), CYLINDRICAL (15), DOME-SHAPED (12, 13), ROMBOIDAL (14), AND ZOOMORPHIC (16-18). FROM KÜLTEPE (1, 3, 6-7, 9, 14
• ÖZGÜÇ 1986: PLATE 1
• FIGURE 4.18. SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF DEPOSITS OF HEMATITE AND SITES YIELDING BALANCE WEIGHTS IN HEMATITE DURING THE MIDDLE BRONZE AGE (C. 2000-1600 BC).
• FIGURE 4.19. SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF WEIGHT SYSTEMS DURING THE MIDDLE BRONZE AGE (C. 2000-1700 BC).
• FIGURE 4.20. FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE OF BALANCE WEIGHTS ACCORDING TO THE CONTEXT AT TELL MARDIKH (EBLA).
• FIGURE 4.21. FREQUENCY OF DIFFERENT WEIGHT SYSTEMS ACCORDING TO THE CONTEXT AT TELL MARDIKH (EBLA).
• FIGURE 4.22. PERCENTAGES OF DIFFERENT WEIGHT SYSTEMS ACCORDING TO THE DISTRIBUTION ZONES.
• FIGURE 4.23. BOX AND WHISKER PLOT OF MASS (GRAMS) OF STANDARD UNIT (ONE SHEKEL) ACCORDING TO THE WEIGHT SYSTEM.
• FIGURE 4.24. CUMULATIVE PERCENTAGE OF BALANCE WEIGHTS BY RATIO.
• FIGURE 4.25. KENDALL STATISTICS GRAPH OF 37 ANATOLIAN WEIGHTS.
• FIGURE 4.26. KENDALL STATISTICS GRAPH OF 53 LEVANTINE WEIGHTS.
• FIGURE 4.27. KENDALL STATISTICS GRAPH OF 125 MESOPOTAMIAN WEIGHTS.
• FIGURE 4.28. KENDALL STATISTICS GRAPH OF 93 SYRIAN WEIGHTS.
• FIGURE 4.29. KENDALL STATISTICS GRAPH OF 55 AEGEAN WEIGHTS.
• FIGURE 4.30. KENDALL STATISTICS GRAPH OF 277 WEIGHTS.
• FIGURE 4.31. DISTRIBUTION OF CYLINDER AND STAMP SEALS IN UPPER MESOPOTAMIA AND CENTRAL/SOUTH-EASTERN ANATOLIA DURING THE MIDDLE BRONZE AGE (C. 2000 - 1600 BC).
• FIGURE 4.32. DISTRIBUTION OF GLYPTIC REGIONAL STYLES IN IN UPPER MESOPOTAMIA AND CENTRAL/SOUTH-EASTERN ANATOLIA DURING THE MIDDLE BRONZE AGE (C. 2000 - 1600 BC).
• FIGURE 4.33. FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE OF KINDS OF OBJECTS BEARING SEAL IMPRESSIONS IN THE MIDDLE BRONZE AGE I AND II.
• FIGURE 4.34. FREQUENCY OF DIFFERENT REGIONAL STYLES ACCORDING TO THE CONTEXT AND THE DISTRIBUTION AREA.
• FIGURE 4.35. PERCENTAGES OF DIFFERENT REGIONAL STYLES ACCORDING TO THE HOUSE.
• FIGURE 4.36. PERCENTAGES OF DIFFERENT SEALS/IMPRESSIONS STYLES ACCORDING TO THE DISTRIBUTION ZONES.
• FIGURE 5.1. MAP SHOWING THE TWO CASE STUDIES: KHABUR TRIANGLE (A) AND CENTRAL ANATOLIA (B).
• FIGURE 5.2. RAINFALL IN THE KHABUR TRIANGLE.
• FIGURE 5.3. MAP SHOWING ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEYS CARRIED OUT IN THE KHABUR TRIANGLE.
• FIGURE 5.4. SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION AND ESTIMATED SIZES OF MIDDLE BRONZE AGE SITES IN THE KHABUR TRIANGLE.
• FIGURE 5.5. MAP SHOWING ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEYS CARRIED OUT IN CENTRAL ANATOLIA.
• FIGURE 5.6. SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION AND ESTIMATED SIZES OF MIDDLE BRONZE AGE SITES IN CENTRAL ANATOLIA.
• FIGURE 5.7. LINEAR REGRESSION MODEL OF SITES DENSITY VS. ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY AREA.
• FIGURE 5.8. RECOVERY RATES FOR ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEYS CARRIED OUT IN THE KHABUR TRIANGLE AND IN CENTRAL ANATOLIA. THE TRIANGLE MARKERS INDICATE THE KHABUR TRIANGLE'S SURVEYS.
• FIGURE 5.9. DIFFERENT EXAMPLES OF RANK-SIZE CURVES.
• FIGURE 5.10. AREAS IN A RANK-SIZE GRAPH USED AS POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE COMPONENTS OF THE COEFFICIENT A.
• FIGURE 5.11. A-COEFFICIENT FOR LOG-NORMAL (ZIPF'S LAW) (A), CONVEX (B), AND PRIMATE (C) DISTRIBUTIONS. THE LEFT COLUMN SHOWS THE STANDARDISED RANK-SIZE PLOT, THE RIGHT COLUMN SHOWS THE LOCATION OF POSSIBLE SETTLEMENTS WITH SYMBOLS PROPORTIONAL TO THEIR SI.
• FIGURE 5.12. BOX AND WHISKER PLOT OF SIZE (IN HECTARES) OF MIDDLE BRONZE AGE SETTLEMENTS IN THE KHABUR TRIANGLE AND IN CENTRAL ANATOLIA.
• FIGURE 5.13. SITE SIZE HIERARCHIES, USING A NATURAL LOGARITHMIC SCALE FOR SIZE OF SETTLEMENTS (HA) AND RANK (ORDINAL), IN THE KHABUR TRIANGLE AND CENTRAL ANATOLIA.
• FIGURE 5.14. RANK-SIZE GRAPH AND HISTOGRAM OF 1000 BOOTSTRAPPED A-COEFFICIENT VALUES OF THE KHABUR TRIANGLE DATASET. THE HISTOGRAMS SHOW THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE SIMULATED A-COEFFICIENT, ALONG WITH THE OBSERVED ONE (RED LINE).
• FIGURE 5.15. RANK-SIZE GRAPH AND HISTOGRAM OF 1000 BOOTSTRAPPED A-COEFFICIENT VALUES OF THE KHABUR TRIANGLE DATASET. THE HISTOGRAMS SHOW THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE SIMULATED A-COEFFICIENT, ALONG WITH THE OBSERVED ONE (RED LINE).
• FIGURE 5.16. SITE SIZE HIERARCHIES, USING A NATURAL LOGARITHMIC SCALE FOR SIZE OF SETTLEMENTS (HA) AND RANK (ORDINAL), IN THE WEST AND EAST KHABUR TRIANGLE.
• FIGURE 5.17. SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF RANK-SIZE PATTERNS IN THE KHABUR TRIANGLE AND IN CENTRAL ANATOLIA.
• FIGURE 5.18. THE VARIABLES OF A SPATIAL INTERACTION MODEL.
• FIGURE 5.19. HEAT MAP SHOWING PEARSON R2'S CORRELATION IN CENTRAL ANATOLIA (A) AND IN THE KHABUR TRIANGLE (B) UNDER DIFFERENT Α AND Β CONDITIONS. THE GREYSCALE VALUES REPRESENT CORRELATION VALUES, WITH DARK GREY REPRESENTING THE BEST FIT AND LIGHT GREY TH
• FIGURE 5.20. MAPPED OUTPUT FROM SCENARIO 1 FOR CENTRAL ANATOLIA (A) AND THE KHABUR TRIANGLE (B), WITH PARAMETER SETTINGS AS INDICATED IN THE TABLE 5.8. BLUE INDICATES LARGER RELATIVE SITE SIZE UNDER THE MODEL.
• FIGURE 5.21. HEAT MAP SHOWING PEARSON AND SPEARMAN'S CORRELATIONS AVERAGED IN CENTRAL ANATOLIA (A) AND IN THE KHABUR TRIANGLE (B) UNDER DIFFERENT Α AND Β CONDITIONS. THE GREYSCALE VALUES REPRESENT CORRELATION VALUES, WITH DARK GREY REPRESENTING THE BEST F.
• FIGURE 5.22. COMPARISON OF SITE SIZE HIERARCHIES ON NORMALISED LOGARITHMIC SCALE (USING POPULATION AND ESTIMATED SIZE) BETWEEN THE MODELLED AND THE OBSERVED DATA IN CENTRAL ANATOLIA.