Time and Stone.

• Author: Schulz Paulsson, Bettina.
• Place / Publishing House: Oxford : : Archaeopress,, 2017.; ©2017.
• Year of Publication: 2017
• Language: English
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (392 pages)

This analysis is concerned with the dating of megaliths in Europe and is based on 2410 available radiocarbon results and the application of a Bayesian statistical framework. It is, so far, the largest existing attempt to establish a supra-regional synthesis on the emergence and development of megaliths in Europe.

Table of Contents

Intro -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Chapter 1 -- Megaliths and megalithic societies in Europe -- Introduction and central research questions -- Theories on the emergence and spreading of megaliths -- Investigated megalithic regions -- Figure 1.1 The megalithic regions in Europe and North Africa (after Camp 1961 -- Whitehouse 1981 -- Soulier 1998 -- Burl 2000 -- Kalb 2001 -- Malone 2001 -- Trump 2002 -- Sjögren 2003 -- Piccolo 2007 -- Scarre 2007 -- García Sanjuán 2009 -- Cicilloni 2010 -- Fritsch et al. 2010a -- Figure 1.2 Dolmens world-wide. Drawings from Montelius 1905 Orienten och Europa. 1. India, p. 11, Figure 4 -- 2. Krim, p. 14, Figure 8 -- 3. Sudan, p. 16, Figure 9 -- 4. Portugal, p. 23, Figure 13 -- 5. Palestine, p. 13, Figure 6 -- Figure 1.3 The modified diffusionism of Gordon Childe in Europe and his successors. Passage graves are seen as derivations of Cretan passage graves (after Renfrew 1973, 46) -- Figure 1.4 Estimates for the start of construction of accessible megaliths from Müller (1998), based on the then available 606 radiocarbon results out of megalithic and long barrow contexts. The time intervals are showing the approximate modified values f -- _GoBack -- Chapter 2 -- Methodical Approach: Radiocarbon Dates and Bayesian Chronological Modelling -- The radiocarbon dates -- Composition of data -- Classification of the contexts and data quality -- Alternative dating approaches -- The Bayesian approach -- Figure 2.1 Number of radiocarbon dates considered in this volume obtained from different material types (n=2410) -- Figure 2.2 Number of radiocarbon dates from charcoal samples identified after wood species (n=102) -- Figure 2.3 The charcoal samples: classification of the contexts (n=944) -- Figure 2.4 Classification of the sample contexts.

Figure 2.5 Simulation A by a process of back-calibration of calibrated dates for 25 radiocarbon determinations which actually date within 25 y from 4000‒3976 BC -- Figure 2.6 Sum calibration of simulation A. The bar marks the actual time span and shows that a sum calibration would extend the real time interval 4 times -- Figure 2.7 Simulation B by a process of back-calibration of calibrated dates for 30 radiocarbon determinations which actually date within 300 y from 4100‒3800 BC -- Figure 2.8 Sum calibration of simulation B. The bar marks the actual time span and shows that a sum calibration would extend the real time interval by more than 50% -- Figure 2.9 Sum calibration versus Bayesian statistical framework. The analysis of all available radiocarbon dates for the Bell Beaker contexts in Southern France (Lemercier et al. 2014, Figure 13) show the large discrepancies between the two different met -- Figure 2.10 The calibration curve Intcal09 (Reimer et al. 2009). Detailed the for this analysis important time intervals -- Chapter 3 -- Northwest France -- Pre-megalithic structures and pre-megalithic funeral rites in Northwest France -- Pre-megalithic structures in the Paris Basin/Northern France -- Pre-megalithic structures in Brittany and on the Channel islands -- Pre-megalithic structures in the Central West France -- Transitional structures and the emergence of megaliths in Northwest France -- The emergence of megaliths in the Paris Basin/Northern France -- The emergence of megaliths in Brittany and the Channel Islands -- The emergence of megaliths in Central West France -- Appearance and architectonical features of megaliths in Northwest France -- Megaliths in the Paris Basin/Northern France -- Megaliths in Brittany and on the Channel Islands -- Megaliths in Central West France.

Megalithic structures with radiocarbon sequences and radiocarbon dates -- Megaliths with radiocarbon results in the Paris Basin/Northern France -- Megaliths with radiocarbon results in Brittany and on the Channel Islands -- Radiocarbon Results for Human Bones from Megalithic Graves in Brittany -- Multi-Phased Megalithic Structures in Brittant Finistère -- Morbhian -- Channel Islands -- Megaliths with radiocarbon determinations in Central West France -- Dating the megaliths on the basis of the artifacts -- The material in the early megaliths -- The material in the passage graves -- The material in the later megalithic grave forms -- The burial rites of megalithic societies in Northwest France -- Burial rites in the Paris Basin/Northern France -- The burial rites in Brittany and on the Channel Islands -- Burial rites in Central West France -- Contemporaneous non-megalithic burials -- Contemporaneous non-megalithic burials in the Paris Basin/Northern France -- Dry Wall Structures -- Wooden Gallery Graves -- Pit Burials and Secondary Deposits or Ossuaries -- Burials in Rock Shelters -- Houses for the Dead -- Hypogea -- Contemporaneous non-megalithic burials in Brittany and on the Channel Islands -- Contemporaneous non-megalithic burials in Central West France -- Conclusion -- Figure 3.1 Planum necropolis Passy (Lemercier et al. 2010) -- Figure 3.2 Necropolis Passy. The monuments of sector A and B with burials and radiocarbon determinations -- Figure 3.3 Probability distributions of dates from the necropolis Passy (cf table 3.1). Model 1 is established under the assumption, that all monuments of sector A and sector B belong to one necropolis and the same society. Model agreement: Amodel=98, A -- Figure 3.5 Span A, sector La Sablonnière -- Figure 3.6 Span B, sector Le Richebourg.

Figure 3.7 Reconstruction of the Passy graves. Drawing by the author after G. Tosello, (Constantin et al. 1997) -- Figure 3.8 Planum necropolis Balloy, Le Réaudins with the available radiocarbon dates (planum after Mordant 1997, 450) -- Figure 3.9 Probability of dates from Balloy, Le Réaudins. Model agreement: Amodel=101.7, Aoverall=105.9 -- Figure 3.10 Necropolis Fleury-sur-Orne (Desloges 1994: 532) -- Figure 3.11 Rots (Desloges 1994: 518) -- Figure 3.12 Reconstruction of a double burial in Téviec, Museum Toulouse. Photo courtesy of Didier Descouens - CC-by-sa /Wikimedia Commons -- Figure 3.13 Planum of the double burial A in cist, Téviec (Midgley 2005, 59 -- Péquart et al. 1937) -- Figure 3.14 Goumoisière, cists 1, 2, 3, and 5 (after Soler 2007: 117) -- Figure 3.15 Probability of dates from all available radiocarbon results in the cist burial site Goumoisière. Model agreement: Amodel=85, Aoverall=82.7 -- Figure 3.16 The tumulus Carnacéen St. Michel in Carnac with probability of radiocarbon dates. Planum according to Le Rouzic 1932 and Boujot/Cassen 1992. Photo of green stone artifacts with the kind permission of Serge Cassen, University Nantes (Cassen 201 -- Figure 3.17 The tumulus Carnacéen Tumiac. Planum after Fouquet 1857, musée de la Société polymathique du Morbihan, Vannes (Herbault/Querré 2004: 501) -- Figure 3.18 Tumiac. Photo courtesy of Stéphane Batigne, CC-by-sa /Wikimedia Commons -- Figure 3.19 Jade axes and variscite collier, Tumiac. Photo courtesy of Serge Cassen (Cassen 2011: Figure 3) -- Figure 3.20 Round and long tumuli with non-accessible ancient dolmens. Le Castellic and Kervinio (after Soler 2007) -- St. Germain (after Cassen et al. 2000). Ceramic of St. Germain with the kind permission of Serge Cassen. The necropolis Manio (after Casse.

Figure 3.21 Planum Lannec er Gadouer (after Boujot/Cassen 1998, Cassen et al. 2000, Figure 3) -- Figure 3.22 Radiocarbon determinations from Lannec er Gadouer. Model agreement: Amodel=69, Aoverall=71.9 -- Figure 3.23 Planum Er Grah with radiocarbon results (after Cassen 2009, Figure 7) -- Figure 3.24 Radiocarbon determinations from Er Grah. Model agreement: Amodel=71.6, Aoverall=73.1 -- Figure 3.25 Planum Les Fouaillages, Guernsey (after Kinnes/Grant 1983: 30) -- Figure 3.26 Reconstruction La Pierre Tourneresse. Drawing after Cédric Lacherez,-CC-by-sa /Wikimedia Commons -- Figure 3.27 Probability of radiocarbon dates, La Pierre Tourneresse, Cairon, Calvados. Model agreement: Amodel=94.9, Aoverall=95 -- Figure 3.28 Colombiers-sur Seulles (Billard/Chancerel 1998, 253) and Hazleton in Southwest England (Malone 2005, 120) -- Figure 3.29 Probability distribution of dates from human bones in gallery graves in the Paris Basin. Model agreement: Amodel=94.4, Aoverall=93.2 -- Figure 3.30 Probability distribution of dates from human bone samples from megalithic graves in Breton. Model agreement: Amodel=97.1, Aoverall=97.4 -- Figure 3.31 The passage graves in Port Blanc, Quiberon -- Figure 3.32 Planum of the passage graves at Port Blanc showing their location directly on the cliffs (after Gouézin 2007). The southwestern grave is today partly eroded -- Figure 3.33 Barnenez from the southeast. -- Figure 3.34 Destroyed section of Barnenez from the northeast -- Figure 3.35 Planum Barnenez (after Joussaume 1985: 129) -- Figure 3.36 Probability of radiocarbon determinations from Barnenez -- Figure 3.37 Planum Le Souc´h (after Laporte 2010) -- Figure 3.38 Probability of radiocarbon results from Le Souc´h. Model agreement: Amodel=94.3, Aoverall=94.3 -- Figure 3.39 Ile Guénioc, tumuli I, II and III (Giot 2007: 42).

Figure 3.40 Planum Table des Marchands with radiocarbon results (after Cassen 2009).