A landscape of conflict? : : rural fortifications in the Argolid (400-146 BC) / / Anna Magdalena Blomley.

• Superior document: Archaeopress archaeology
• VerfasserIn: Blomley, Anna Magdalena, 1991-
• Place / Publishing House: Oxford : : Archaeopress Publishing Ltd,, [2022]; ©2022.
• Year of Publication: 2022
• Language: English
• Series: Archaeopress archaeology.
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (328 pages) :; illustrations (chiefly color), maps (chiefly color)

This is the first systematic study of Late Classical and Hellenistic rural fortifications in ancient Argos and the city-states of the Argolic Akte. Based on one of the largest regional corpora of Greek fortified sites, the volume investigates the function of rural fortifications by placing them in the context of their surrounding landscape.

Table of Contents

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright page -- List of Figures -- Figure 1.1 The landscape of the northeastern Peloponnese. -- Figure 2.1 Watersheds in the northwestern Argolid and sedimentary deposits on the Argive plain (deposits after Fouache 1999: 170, fig. 49). -- Figure 2.2 The Argolic and the Saronic Gulf: drainage basins and areas most susceptible to coastline changes. -- Figure 2.3 Evidence for ancient land use in the Argolid (after Table 2). -- Figure 3.1 The geographical distribution of fortified sites in the Argolid (by type). -- Figure 3.2 The geographical distribution of towers in the Argolid (by size and shape). -- Figure 3.3 The geographical distribution of fortified settlements in the Argolid (by size). -- Figure 4.1 Kastraki (35): satellite image and sketch plan (Google Earth 2013). -- Figure 4.2 The gates of Mantineia (Maher 2017: 223, fig. C8.7). -- Figure 4.3 Plaka Leonidiou (63): satellite image and sketch plan (Google Earth 2013). -- Figure 4.4 Sportiza (74): satellite image and sketch plan (Google Earth 2013). -- Figure 4.5 The Southeast Tower at Asini (14): plan (Adam 1982: 57, fig. 24). -- Figures 4.6-7 Argos' (12) hexagonal towers on the Aspis (above) and on the Larissa-Aspis wall (below) (Adam 1982: 58, fig. 26). -- Figure 4.8 The possible hexagonal tower at Achladokampos (1) (Google Earth 2012). -- Figure 4.9 The northwest side of the possible hexagonal tower at Achladokampos (1) from the north. -- Figure 4.10 Drystone masonry on the north side of Agio Lias (2). -- Figure 4.11 Roughly hewn coursed polygonal masonry at Agios Sostis (5) -- Figure 4.12 Roughly hewn uncoursed polygonal masonry at Tyros (83). -- Figure 4.13 Carefully fitted ashlar masonry at Asini (14) -- Figure 4.14 Carefully fitted coursed trapezoidal masonry at Elliniko Astrous (21).

Figure 4.15 Carefully fitted uncoursed trapezoidal masonry at Ano Phanari (10). -- Figure 4.16 Carefully fitted coursed polygonal masonry at Iria (31). -- Figure 4.17 Carefully fitted uncoursed polygonal masonry at Palaia Epidavros 1 (54) -- Figure 4.18 The distribution of masonry by type of joint (number of samples). -- Figure 4.19 The distribution of roughly hewn masonry by shape of blocks (number of samples). -- Figure 4.20 The distribution of fitted masonry by shape of blocks (number of samples). -- Figure 4.21 Uncoursed roughly hewn polygonal masonry at Plaka Leonidiou (63). -- Figure 4.22 The distribution of drystone masonry by type of site (number of samples, excluding drystone circuits). -- Figure 4.23 The distribution of roughly hewn masonry by type of site (number of samples). -- Figure 4.24 The distribution of carefully fitted masonry by type of site (number of samples). -- Figure 4.25 The distribution of coursed polygonal masonry by type of site (number of samples). -- Figure 5.1 The territory of Kleonai (after Marchand 2002b). -- Figure 5.2 The territory of Hermion and the shared territory of Hermion and Epidauros (2nd century BC). -- Figure 5.3 The territory Epidauros (3rd and 2nd century BC). -- Figure 5.4 The fortifications on the Akte by city-state (400-146 BC). -- Figure 5.5 Argive komai and dependent settlements (400-146 BC). -- Figure 5.6 The fortifications in the territory of Argos. -- Figure 6.1 The tower of Agios Sostis (5) from the south. -- Figure 6.2 The view from the tower of Agios Sostis (5) to the north. -- Figure 6.3 Surviving wheel-ruts and ancient bridges in the Argolid (after Φάκλαρης 1990 -- Πίκουλας 1995 -- Tausend 2006 and Πίκουλας 2012).

Figure 6.4 Least cost paths between Argos and Mantineia calculated with the ArcGIS Path Distance tool, the so-called 'Tobler's Hiking Formula' (after Tripcevich 2009 and White 2015) and the relative effort required to walk on different slopes (after Minet -- Figure 6.5 The least cost paths between urban centres, compared to the surviving wheel-ruts and ancient bridges. -- Figure 6.6 The least cost paths between urban centres and fortified settlements, compared to the least cost paths between urban centres and the surviving wheel-ruts and ancient bridges. -- Figure 6.7 The least cost paths between fortified settlements, compared to the least cost paths between urban centres, the least cost paths between urban centres and fortified settlements and the surviving wheel-ruts and ancient bridges. -- Figure 6.8 The least cost paths, compared to the 4th-century BC and Hellenistic fortifications in the region. -- Figure 6.9 The results of the cumulative pathway analysis, compared to the distribution of 4th-century BC and Hellenistic fortifications. Paths marked in blue denote routes with a low overlap between different paths, paths marked in red denote routes with -- Figure 6.10 The freestanding rectangular tower with chamfered corners at Kephalovryso (40). -- Figure 6.11 The view from the possible tower at Kondyli (98). -- Figure 6.12 The view from the drystone circuit at Vigliza (85). -- Figure 6.13 The view from the tower at Tourkovrysi (78). -- Figure 6.14 The view from the tower of Agios Sostis (5) to the south. -- Figure 6.15 The binary viewshed of the fortified settlement of Achladokampos (1). -- Figure 6.16 The classified viewshed of the fortified settlement of Achladokampos (1). -- Figure 6.17 Site intervisibility in the territories of Halieis and Hermion. -- Figure 6.18 Site intervisibility in the territory of Troizen.

Figure 6.19 Site intervisibility in the territory of Epidauros. -- Figure 6.20 The view from Ano Phanari (10), with Palaia Epidavros and the Korinthia (left), Salamis and Attica (centre) and Aigina (right). -- Figure 6.21 The view from Skala 1 (104) to the west, south and east, with Stavropodio (75) (left), the Benteni valley (centre) and the Argolic Gulf (right). The plain of Iria is just visible through the trees on the right edge of the picture. -- Figure 6.22 Site intervisibility in the territory of Argos. -- Figure 6.23 Intervisible 'site clusters' in the territory of Argos. -- Figure 6.24 'Cluster 3': intervisible Argive fortifications in the plain of Prosymna. -- Figure 6.25 The view from Agio Lias (2) to the east, with the plain of Prosymna (left) and the Argive plain (right). -- Figure 6.26 'Cluster 5 and 6': intervisible Argive fortifications around Achladokampos (1) and south of the Zavitsa mountains. -- Figure 6.27 The view from Tourniki: Gaidourovouni (79) to the east along the Xerias valley. -- Figure 6.28 'Cluster 2': intervisible fortifications in the territory of Kleonai. -- Figure 6.29 The area visible from fortifications in Argos' hypothetical signalling network (400-146 BC). -- Figure 6.30 Argos (12), satellite-image (Google Earth 2018) with the remains of the city walls (aft -- Figure 6.31 Ermioni (24): plan (Frickenhaus - Müller 1911: pl. 1). -- Figure 6.32 Palaia Epidavros 1 (54): satellite-image with sketch plan (Google Earth 2018). -- Figure 6.33 Porto Cheli (64): plan (McAllister 2005:, fig. 18). -- Figure 6.34 Troizina (80): satellite-image with sketch plan (Google Earth 2018, after Welter 1941: pl. 2). -- Figure 6.35 Argos, Larissa (12): the west wall of the outer circuit from the west.

Figure 6.36 Argos, Larissa (12): the outer circuit. Satellite-image with sketch plan (Google Earth 2018, after Πιτέρος 2013: 346, fig. 2). -- Figure 6.37 Argos, Aspis (12): plan (Philippa-Touchais - Touchais 2006: 717, fig. 16). -- Figure 6.38 a Galatas: Megali Magoula (25): the view to the west and north towards Troizina (80). -- Figure 6.38 b Galatas: Megali Magoula (25): the view to the north and east towards Limanaki 1 (48) and Limanaki 2 (99), the straits of Poros, the island of Poros and the straits between Poros and Galatas. -- Figure 6.38 c Phourkaria (61): the view to the southeast, south and southwest towards the island of Hydra. -- Figure 6.39 Walking distances, cost boundaries and fortifications (400-300 BC). -- Figure 6.40 Walking distances, cost boundaries and fortifications (300-235 BC). -- Figure 6.41 Walking distances, cost boundaries and fortifications (235-146 BC). -- Figure 6.42 Benteni Kiapha (16): the southwest wall from the southeast. -- Figure 6.43 Kazarma (39): satellite-image with sketch plan (Google Earth 2013). -- Figures 6.44 a-b The masonry at Kastraki (35) (top) and Kazarma (39) (bottom). -- Figures 6.45 a-b The cross section of the south tower at Kastraki (35) (top) and tower II at Kazarma (39) (bottom). -- Figure 6.46 Andritsa: Goulas (9): the cistern. -- Figure 6.47 Agios Adrianos (3): the cistern from the south. -- Figure 6.48 Kazarma (39): the cistern from the east. -- Figure 7.1 Walking distances in southern Attica. -- Figure 7.2 Possible places of refuge: walking distances and cost boundaries. -- Figure 7.3 Possible places of refuge: walking distances, cost boundaries, agricultural installations and the probable maximum altitude for olive cultivation (500 mamsl). -- Figure 7.4 Possible places of refuge: walking distances, cost boundaries, agricultural installations and modern agricultural areas.

Figure 7.5 The surface pottery assemblage from the drystone circuit at Vigliza (85) by functional category (after Penttinen 1996b: 268-70).