The Usage of Ochre at the Verge of Neolithisation from the near East to the Carpathian Basin.

• Author: Kościuk-Załupka, Julia.
• Place / Publishing House: Oxford : : Archaeopress,, 2023.; ©2023.
• Year of Publication: 2023
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (232 pages)

This volume explores the cultural meaning of ochre among the societies of the Late Epipalaeolithic/Mesolithic and the Early Neolithic from the Levant to the Carpathian Basin.

Table of Contents

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright page -- Contents Page -- List of Figures -- Figure 1. The examples of ochre fragments, derived from geological layers, bearing yellow and red hues (photo by author). -- Figure 2. Map of Levantine sites mentioned in the text (credits: Google Earth, pins marked by author). -- Figure 3. Map of the Turkish sites mentioned in the text (credits: Google Earth, pins marked by author). -- Figure 4. Map of the discussed sites in the Balkans and Southern Carpathian Basin (credits: Google Earth, pins marked by author). -- Figure 5. Map of the Carpathian sites, mentioned in the text (credits: Google Earth, pins marked by author). -- Figure 6. Map of the Levantine outcrops mentioned in the text (credits: Google Earth, pins marked by author). -- Figure 7. The outcrop in the vicinity of At Tafilah, Jordan (photo: author). -- Figure 8. Map of the Anatolian outcrops mentioned in the text (credits: Google Earth, pins marked by author). -- Figure 9. Ochre outcrop, spotted in the vicinity of Aksaray (photo: author). -- Figure 10. Map of the Balkan outcrops mentioned in the text (credits: Google Earth, pins marked by author). -- Figure 11. The ferruginous mineralisation documented in the vicinity of Gradetz, Bulgaria (photo: author). -- Figure 12. Map of the Carpathian outcrops mentioned in the text (credits: Google Earth, pins marked by author). -- Figure 13. The ferruginous mineralisation noticed between Lovas and Alsóörs, Hungary (photo: author). -- Figure 14. Graph of the cluster analysis conducted for the data obtained for the archaeological samples from Israel -- cophenetic correlation coefficiency= 0.9557. -- Figure 15. The graph of the PCA (principal component analysis) for the data, obtained for the archaeological samples from Israel, with six groups marked.

Figure 16. Cluster analysis graph, obtained for the results of the archaeological and natural samples from Turkey -- cophenetic correlation coefficiency = 0.9744. -- Figure 17. The PCA graph for the archaeological and natural samples from Turkey. -- Figure 18. Cluster analysis graph obtained for the natural samples from Bulgaria -- cophenetic correlation coefficiency= 0.9635. -- Figure 19. PCA graph obtained for the results of natural samples from Bulgaria, with eight groups marked. -- Figure 20. Cluster analysis graph, obtained for the natural samples from Romania -- cophenetic correlation coefficiency= 0.9539. -- Figure 21. PCA analysis graph, obtained for the natural samples from Romania. -- Figure 22. Cluster analysis graph, obtained for the archaeological and natural samples from Serbia -- cophenetic correlation coefficiency = 0.9355. -- Figure 23. PCA graph, obtained for the archaeological and natural samples from Serbia, with five groups marked. -- Figure 24. Pictures taken under the optical microscope for the samples from Bükkábrány-Bánya VII: A - sample 323-338 -- B - sample 352 -- C - sample 401 -- D - sample 466. The samples present two types of traces of usage: A, B with sharp, well pronounced edges -- -- Figure 25. Cluster analysis graph, obtained for the results of the archaeological samples from Hungary, with the addition of two reference natural samples -- cophenetic correlation coefficiency = 0.9518. -- Figure 26. PCA graph for the results of archaeological samples from Hungary, with the addition of two natural specimens for reference, with seven groups marked. -- Figure 27. Pictures taken under the optical microscope for the samples from Moravany: A, B - sample Mor2B.2001 -- C, D - sample Mor3.2001. -- Figure 28. Pictures taken under the optical microscope for the samples from Moravany: A, B - sample Mor4-5.2002.

C, D - sample Mor2.2001. -- Figure 29. Cluster analysis graph obtained for the archaeological samples from Slovakia -- cophenetic correlation coefficiency = 0.983. -- Figure 30. The PCA analysis, obtained for the archaeological samples from Slovakia, with three groups marked. -- List of Tables -- Table 1. Summary of the PCA for the samples from Israel. -- Table 2. Summary of the PCA for the samples from Turkey. -- Table 3. Summary of the PCA for the samples from Bulgaria. -- Table 4. Summary of the PCA for the samples from Romania. -- Table 5. Summary of the PCA for the samples from Serbia. -- Table 6. Summary of the PCA for the samples from Hungary. -- Table 7. Summary of the PCA the for samples from Slovakia. -- Table 8. Summary of the contexts of ochre finds -- X* - the specific colour was noted only in the sacred sphere -- X** - the specific colour was restricted to graves and floor painting -- for references, see chapter 6. -- Acknowledgements -- 1. Introduction -- Purpose of the work -- Territorial range -- Chronological range -- Bibliographical review -- Review of the material sources -- Methodological framework -- 2. Ochre -- The definition of ochre and its characteristics -- Natural occurrence of mineral components of ochre -- Other ochre components -- Methods of ochre analysis -- Analytical procedures in ochre studies: main expectations -- 3. Cultural Background with Particular Consideration of Neolithisation Processes -- The Levant -- Anatolia -- The Balkan Peninsula and Southern Carpathian Basin -- Northern and Eastern Carpathian Basin -- 4. Contexts of Ochre Finds in Archaeological Layers -- 5. Ethnographic Analogies for Ochre Application -- 6. Ochre in the Neolithic Transformations from the Levant to the Carpathian Basin -- Levant (Figure 2) -- Anatolia (Figure 3) -- The Balkan Peninsula and Southern Carpathian Basin (Figure 4).

Northern and Eastern Carpathian Basin (Figure 5) -- Summary -- 7. Ochre Outcrops on the Terrains under Investigation -- The Levant (Figure 6) -- Anatolia (Figure 8) -- The Balkan Peninsula (Figure 10) -- Carpathian Basin (Figure 12) -- 8. Analysis of Ochre Samples -- Methodological approach -- Israel -- Turkey -- Bulgaria -- Romania -- Hungary -- Slovakia -- Discussion -- 9. The Meaning of Ochre in Societies on the Verge of Neolithisation -- 10. Conclusions -- 11. Bibliography -- Appendix 1. Catalogue of Archaeological Sites -- Appendix 2. Catalogue of Natural Ochre Outcrops -- Links to Online Appendices -- Appendix 3. Catalogue of Ochre Samples: http://doi.org/10.32028/9781803273365-appendix3 -- Appendix 4. Catalogue of EDS Studies: http://doi.org/10.32028/9781803273365-appendix4 -- Appendix 5. Plates: http://doi.org/10.32028/9781803273365-appendix5.