The International Law of Antarctica.

• Superior document: The New Haven Studies in International Law and World Public Order Series ; v.6
• Author: Sahurie, Emilio J.
• Place / Publishing House: Boston : : BRILL,, 1992.; ©1991.
• Year of Publication: 1992
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Series: The New Haven Studies in International Law and World Public Order Series
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (641 pages)

Table of Contents

Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Foreword -- Table of Contents -- Abbreviations -- Acronyms -- Introduction -- Acknowledgments -- PART 1 -- 1. Antarctica in a Global Context -- Participants -- Individuals -- Nation-States -- Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties -- Original Parties to the Antarctic Treaty -- Territorial Claimants -- Great Britain -- Australia -- New Zealand -- Argentina -- Chile -- France -- Norway -- Non-Claimant States -- The United States -- The Soviet Union -- Japan -- Belgium -- South Africa -- Acceding Consultative Parties -- Poland -- Germany -- GDR (East Germany) -- FRG (West Germany) -- Brazil -- India -- China -- Uruguay -- Spain -- Sweden -- Italy -- Non-Consultative Contracting Parties -- Peru -- The Netherlands -- Other Acceding States -- Other States: Third Parties to the Antarctic Treaty -- Intergovernmental and International Organizations -- The United Nations -- The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries -- The European Economic Community -- International Scientific Bodies -- Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research -- The World Meteorological Organization -- Food and Agriculture Organization -- Other International Scientific Bodies -- Private Associations -- Perspectives -- Identifications -- Demands -- Power and Security -- Wealth -- Enlightenment -- Skills -- Well-Being -- Respect -- Loyalty -- Expectations -- Arenas -- The General Assembly of the United Nations -- Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings -- Establishment -- Communication of Policies: How Claims and Decisions are Mediated -- Content of Claims and Decisions Lodged at ATCMs -- Access -- Functions Performed at ATCMs -- Procedure of ATCMs -- Duration -- Projection of Future Developments -- Adjudicatory Arenas -- The International Civil Aviation Organization -- The Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization.

The International Oceanographic Commission -- The International Whaling Commission -- Bases of Power -- Authority -- Control -- Strategies -- Outcomes -- Factors Conditioning Antarctic Processes -- Antarctic Physical and Geographic Features -- Legal Effects -- Constraints on the Exploration and Exploitation of Resources -- Effects of Science -- Antarctica in the Historical Context of Law and Politics -- The Impact of Modern Technology -- Features of the World Economy Influencing Antarctic Processes -- 2. Basic Community Policies: Clarification of Criteria for Decision -- Observational Standpoint -- Method -- Preliminary Statement of Basic Policies -- 3. Claims Relating to the Establishment and Maintenance of a Constitutive Process in Antarctica -- Historical Background -- Earlier Attempts to Organize a Constitutive Process of Decision-making -- The International Geophysical Year: The Impact of Science on the Organization of the Constitutive Process in Antarctica -- The Antarctic Treaty of 1959 -- Outcomes of Constitutive Claims: The Allocation of Decision Functions -- Intelligence Function -- Promotion Function -- Prescription Function -- Invocation Function -- Application Function -- Termination Function -- Appraisal Function -- Demands for Change in the Constitutive Process -- PART 2 -- 4. National Claims to Establish Exclusive Appropriation of Antarctica -- Clarification of Basic Community Policies -- National Claims to Antarctic Territory on the Basis of Historical Rights -- The Papal Grant of Antarctica -- The Context of the Papal Grant of Antarctica -- Trends in Decision -- The Rise of Protestantism, the Decline of Papal Authority, and the Consequences in Legal Literature -- Changes in the Balance of Power and the Juridical Status of Spain's Southern Possessions.

The Independence of Spanish America, Territorial Succession, and the Doctrine of Uti Possidetis: The Principle of Pre-Independence Boundaries -- Appraisal -- National Claims to Antarctic Territory on the Basis of Discovery -- The Discovery of Antarctica -- Trends in Decision -- Claims to Antarctica Based on Discovery -- Appraisal -- National Claims to Antarctic Territory on the Basis of Polar Exploration, Mapping, and Scientific Research -- Claims and Responses -- Appraisal -- National Claims to Antarctic Territory on the Basis of Effective Occupation -- The Meaning of Effective Occupation -- State Activity in the Antarctic -- Administrative Acts of the Spanish Crown -- Administrative Acts of Argentina -- Administrative Acts of Chile -- British Acts of Administration -- French Acts of Administration -- Norwegian Administrative Acts -- Acts of Administration of New Zealand -- Administrative Acts of Australia -- Acts of Possession -- The Establishment of Permanent Settlements in Western Antarctica: The "American" Antarctic vs. The Falkland Islands Dependencies -- The South Orkney Islands -- The Antarctic Peninsula and Other Islands and Archipelagos in Western Antarctica -- The John Biscoe Incident -- The Proliferation of Permanent Bases -- Eastern Antarctica -- The Effect of the IGY on Territorial Claims -- The Effect of the Antarctic Treaty on Territorial Claims -- National Claims to Antarctic Territory on the Basis of Proximity -- Clarification of Policies -- Types of Particular Claims and Responses in Relation to Antarctic Territory -- Past Trends in Decision -- The Sector Theory -- Specific Claims to Antarctica Based on Proximity: Divergent Applications of the Sector Theory -- Claims of the British Commonwealth -- Claims of South American States -- Argentine-Chilean Delimitation of Boundaries in Antarctica -- The Position of Other Antarctic Powers.

Appraisal -- The Determination of the Applicable Law and of the Relevant Facts in the Antarctic Territorial Dispute -- The Intertemporal Principle -- The Critical Date -- Appraisal -- PART 3 -- 5. Claims Relating to Resources in Antarctica -- The Resources Claimed -- Minerals on Land -- Offshore Resources -- Living Resources -- Other Uses and Resources -- The Relevance of Ideology in Resource Allocation -- Basic Community Policies -- Economic Efficiency -- Participation -- Responsibility -- International Cooperation -- Experience in Comparable Resources -- The Law of the Sea -- The Development of the Law of the Sea -- Limits of National Competence -- International Control of Seabed Resources -- The Arctic Experience -- Arctic Lands -- The Arctic Ocean -- Outer Space -- Appraisal -- 6. Claims Relating to Antarctic Mineral Resources -- The Economics of Antarctic Mineral Development -- The Framework of Negotiations for an Antarctic Mineral Regime -- Historical Background -- The Accommodation of Interests -- Internal Accommodation -- External Accommodation -- Claims to Authority: Institutional Arrangements for Decision-making Relating to Antarctic Mineral Resources -- The Commission -- The Advisory Committee -- The Regulatory Committees -- The Legal Process of Mineral Development Activities -- Prospecting -- Identification of an Area for Possible Exploration and Development -- Exploration -- Development -- Criteria for Decision -- Protection of the Antarctic Environment -- Protection of Other Uses of Antarctica -- Promotion of Fair and Effective Participation -- Claims Relating to Access to Mineral Development Activities in Antarctica -- Minerals Convention Requirements on Membership and Sponsorship -- Appraisal and Recommendations -- Claims Relating to the Exchange of Scientific Information and Protection of Proprietary Data.

Claims Relating to the Exercise of Tax Competence: The Fiscal Regime -- Activities Subject to Taxation -- Type of Payments and the Choice of Tax Base -- Outcomes of Tax Claims -- National Fiscal Treatment of Payments to the Institutions of the Antarctic Minerals Regime -- Application and Sharing of Proceeds -- Budgetary Competences -- Environmental Fund -- Sharing of Benefits -- Appraisal -- 7. Claims Relating to the Seabed of Antarctica: Some Legal and Policy Issues -- General Background on the Doctrine of the Continental Shelf -- Delimitation of the Continental Shelf and Deep Seabed in Antarctica: Prospective Patterns of Controversy over the Allocation of Authority over Offshore Mineral Resources -- Protection of the Status Quo with Respect to Territorial Claims Under Article IV of the Antarctic Treaty as a Basis to Delimit a Continental Shelf in Antarctica -- Temporal Opportunity to Assert National Claims over the Continental Shelf -- Application of General Principles to Determine the Extent of the Continental Shelf in Antarctica -- Physical Features Conditioning the Process -- Trends in Decision -- General Background on the Deep Seabed -- Claims Relating to the Deep Seabed of Antarctica -- Appraisal and Recommendation -- 8. Claims Relating to Antarctic Marine Living Resources -- Claims to Authority -- Claimants -- Objectives -- Situations -- Strategies -- Outcomes -- Clarification of Basic Community Policies -- Trends in Decision -- Appraisal -- 9. Claims Relating to Antarctic Maritime Areas -- Significant Features Affecting the Process of Claims and Decisions -- Clarification of Basic Community Policies -- Claims to Authority over Territorial Sea in Antarctica -- Claims to Exercise Authority and Exclusive Control over Economic Activities in Certain Antarctic Maritime Areas.

Claims to Apply the Freedom of the High Seas in Antarctic Maritime Spaces.