Territorial Acquisition, Disputes and International Law.

• Superior document: Developments in International Law Series ; v.26
• Author: Sharma, Surya P.
• Place / Publishing House: Boston : : BRILL,, 1997.; ©1997.
• Year of Publication: 1997
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Series: Developments in International Law Series
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (374 pages)

Table of Contents

Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Preface -- Table of Contents -- Chapter I: Introduction -- 1. Contemporary Importance of International Territorial Disputes -- A. The Post-Cold War Setting -- B. Territory, Territorial Sovereignty, and International Law -- C. The Old (Westphalian) and New (Post-War) Pattern in the International Legal Order -- (i) Westphalian Model -- (ii) New Changes - Emergence of a New Model -- (iii) Predominance of the Traditional Model -- D. The Parallel Existence of the Old and New Models - the Question of Primacy -- E. Impact on the World Territorial Order -- 2. Distinction between a Boundary Dispute and a Territorial Dispute -- A. The Identification of the Issue -- B. There is a Realistic Distinction between the Two Categories of Disputes - Reasons -- C. Support of Scholarly Opinion -- D. No Absolute Dichotomy - the Two Categories are Interdependent -- E. Interdependence does not mean Automatic Conversion -- F. Conclusion -- 3. The Traditional Classification of Territorial Disputes - Legal and Political -- Chapter II: The Traditional Modalities of Acquisition of Territorial Sovereignty -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Discovery -- A. Scholarly Opinion -- B. Judicial Opinion -- C. Appraisal -- D. Conclusion -- 3. Symbolic Activities -- A. Meaning and Forms -- B. Past Practices -- C. Scholarly Opinion -- D. Judicial Opinion -- E. Appraisal and Conclusion -- 4. Contiguity -- A. Nature and Basis of Claims in the Past and Present -- B. Status of the Principle - Law and Policy -- (i) Scholarly Opinion -- (ii) Judicial Opinion -- C. General Appraisal -- D. Conclusion -- E. Status of Islands Situated in the Maritime Zones of a Coastal State -- 5. Occupation -- A. Introduction -- (i) Origin and Essential Elements of Occupation -- (ii) Contemporary Importance -- B. Criteria of Effective Occupation - a Complex Process.

(i) Introduction -- (ii) Scholarly Controversy over the Scope of the Criteria of Effective Occupation -- C. Historic Practices of Effective Occupation -- (i) North and South American Continents -- (ii) African Continent -- (iii) Polar Regions -- D. Judicial and Arbitral Decisions on the Criteria -- (i) The Island of Palmas Case -- (ii) The Eastern Greenland Case -- (iii) The Clipperton Island Case -- (iv) The Minquiers and Ecrehos Case -- (v) The Rann of Kutch Case -- (vi) Other Cases -- (vii) Cases Involving Uti Possidetis - Relevance -- E. Appraisal of Cases -- (i) Shift in the Meaning of the Concept of Effective Occupation since 1885 -- (ii) The Scope of the Concept of Intertemporal Law -- (iii) The Concurrent Development of the Concept Of Sovereignty - Implications -- (iv) Flexible Criteria of Display of Sovereignty or Effective Occupation -- (a) Peaceful -- (b) Actual -- (c) Sufficient -- (d) Continuous -- (v) Critical Review of the Earlier Cases by Scholars -- 6. Prescription -- A. Meaning and Policy -- B. Requirements and Classification of Prescription -- C. Validity under International Law of the Concept of Prescription -- 7. Occupation and Prescription: Differences and Similarities -- A. Differences -- B. Common Requirements of Conditions -- C. Special Emphasis on the Conduct of the Parties and Attitude of Interested States -- 8. Uti Possidetis Juris -- A. Meaning and Scope -- B. Efficacy of the Principle in International Law and the Transplantation of the Doctrine from Latin America to Africa and Newly Independent States -- C. Relationship between Uti Possidetis and Legal Titles on which the Implementation of the Principle is Based - Review of Cases -- (i) The Frontier Dispute Case -- (ii) Other Cases -- (iii) The Land, Islands and Maritime Frontier Case -- (iv) The Rationale of the Case -- 9. Equity -- A. The Issue.

B. The Meaning, Function and Contents Of Equity -- C. Status of Equity in International Law and its Applicability as the Legal Criterion -- D. Judicial Cases on Boundary/Territorial Disputes -- (i) The Frontier Dispute Case -- (ii) The Land, Islands, and Maritime Frontier Dispute Case -- (iii) The Rann of Kutch Case -- E. Conclusion -- 10. Cession -- A. Meaning and Essentials of Cession -- B. Classification -- C. Typical Issues concerning the Modality of Cession -- D. Cession by Native Peoples in Asia and Africa during the Colonial Period -- 11. Accretion -- 12. Conquest -- A. Introduction (Traditional Status, Ingredients and Classification of Conquest) -- B. Validity of Title Acquired Through Conquest in Modern Times -- (i) Various Schools of Thought -- (ii) Majority View -- (iii) Assessment of Contemporary Prescriptions Prohibiting Territorial Acquisition by the Illegal Use of Force -- C. The Principle of Non-Recognition -- (i) Introduction -- (ii) The Origin and Development - Collective Non-Recognition -- (iii) Practice of Individual States Regarding Non-Recognition -- (iv) Non-Recognition as a Sanction -- (v) Conclusion -- D. Effect of Non-Recognition on the Territorial Acquisition -- E. Appraisal -- Chapter IIΙ: The Review of the Traditional Modalities -- 1. The Traditional Law and Interests of Colonial Powers -- 2. The Modern Context -- 3. The Emergence of a New Trend of Reforming the Traditional Doctrines -- A. Response of Scholars - Identification of Omissions and Conceptual Anomalies in Traditional Modes -- (i) Omission of "The Emergence of the New State" and the Principle of "Self-Determination" -- (ii) Ambiguity Surrounding the Concept of Prescription -- (iii) Confusion about the Operation of the Two Modalities, namely, "Occupation" and "Prescription" -- (iv) Absence of Distinction between "Occupation" and "Historic Title".

B. The Attitude of Courts and Tribunals -- 4. New Approaches or Theories -- A. The Historic Consolidation Theory -- B. The Multiple Considerations Theory -- C. The Territorial Effectiveness Theory -- 5. Conclusion -- Chapter IV: The Framework of the Contemporary Process of Acquisition of Territory -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Major Features of Contemporary Process of Territorial Acquisition -- 3. Sources of the Law of Territorial Acquisition -- A. General Prescriptions -- B. More Specific Criteria and their Sources -- C. Criteria Applied by International Tribunals -- (i) The Award of Territory on the Basis of Probative Force of Administrative, Social, Geographical, Historical and Cultural Links to the Disputed Territory -- (a) Possession and Administration -- (b) Affiliations of the Inhabitants of the Disputed Territory -- (c) Geographical, Economic, Historical and Other Considerations -- (ii) Technical Doctrines: Recognition, Acquiescence and Preclusion (or Estoppel) -- D. Summation -- 4. Self-Determination and its Many Forms -- A. Introduction -- B. Development of the Principle of Self-Determination in its Expanded Meaning -- C. Various Forms of Self-Determination and their Juridical Legitimacy -- (i) Freedom from Colonial Domination -- (a) Current Status -- (b) The Issue of Territorial Integrity v. Self-Determination -- (ii) The Right of Secession -- (iii) Dissolution of States and Formation of New Ones -- (iv) Rights of Minorities without Sovereignty Connotation -- (v) Rights of Indigenous Peoples with Territorial Implications -- (vi) The Right to Democratic Governance -- (a) The Right to Democracy -- (b) The Right of Group Participation in Democratic Government -- D. Conclusion -- 5. Fundamentals and Advantages of the "Process" Approach -- 6. The Major Contemporary Territorial Disputes - Claims and Legal Perspectives -- A. Introduction.

(i) Factors Giving Rise to Territorial Disputes -- (ii) Incidence of Territorial Disputes -- B. Specific Disputes Involving the Modalities of Discovery, Symbolic Annexation and Contiguity -- (i) Discovery -- (ii) Symbolic Annexation -- (iii) Contiguity -- (iv) Conclusion -- C. Specific Disputes involving the Modality of Historic Possession (Competing Claims about Historic Title and Exercise of Territorial Sovereignty) -- (i) Introduction -- (ii) Specific Disputes -- (iii) Conclusion -- D. Disputes involving Claims in regard to the Implicit Conduct of the Parties - Invocation of the Technical Doctrines such as Recognition, Acquiescence, Preclusion or Estoppel -- (i) Introduction -- (ii) Specific Disputes -- (iii) Conclusion -- E. Specific Disputes Involving the Principle of Self-Determination -- (i) Self-Determination v. Territorial Integrity -- (a) Specific Disputes -- (b) Conclusion -- (ii) Disputes involving Claims of Group Identification -- (a) Specific Disputes -- (b) Conclusion -- F. Specific Disputes Involving the Modality of Cession -- G. Specific Disputes Involving the Modality of Accretion -- H. Specific Disputes Involving the Modality of Conquest -- Chapter V: The General Appraisal -- Index.