Considerations of Equity in the Settlement of Territorial and Boundary Disputes.

• Superior document: International Law in Japanese Perspective Series ; v.2
• Author: Miyoshi, Masahiro.
• Place / Publishing House: Boston : : BRILL,, 1993.; ©1993.
• Year of Publication: 1993
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Series: International Law in Japanese Perspective Series
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (299 pages)

Table of Contents

Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Table of Abbreviations -- Table of Cases -- Table of Treaties -- Introduction -- Chapter I. Preliminary Considerations of the Concept of Equity -- 1. Diverse Meanings of Equity -- 2. Attempts at Clarification of the Meaning of Equity -- (1) "Equity" and "equitable principles" -- (2) "Equity" and "ex aequo et bono" -- 3. Expressions Having an Equivalent Effect to Equity -- Chapter II. Arbitration Clauses -- 1. Multilateral Arbitration Treaties -- (1) The Hague Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes -- (2) The Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice -- (3) The General Act for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes -- 2. Restricted Multilateral Treaties -- (1) Regional Arbitration Treaties -- a) The Convention Establishing the Central American Court of Justice to Act as a Permanent Court of Arbitration -- b) The Treaty of Conciliation and Arbitration between Estonia, Finland, Latvia and Poland -- c) Little Entente: General Act of Conciliation, Arbitration and Judicial Settlement -- d) The American Treaty on Pacific Settlement (Pact of Bogotá) -- e) The European Convention for the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes -- f) The Protocol to the Charter of the Organization of African Unity -- g) The Final Act of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe -- h) The Statute of the Court of Justice of the Cartagena Agreement -- (2) Treaties of a Functional Character -- a) The Statute on Freedom of Transit -- b) The Slave Convention -- c) The Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms -- d) The Treaty Establishing the European Coal and Steel Community -- e) The European Fisheries Convention.

f) The BENELUX Protocol concerning the Co-ordination of Economic and Social Policies -- g) The Treaty Instituting the BENELUX Economic Union -- h) The Act regarding Navigation and Economic Co-operation between the States of the Niger Basin -- i) The European Convention for the Protection of Animals During International Transport -- j) The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination -- k) The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea -- (3) Treaties for the Settlement of Commercial or Civil Disputes -- a) The European Convention on International Commercial Arbitration -- b) The Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States -- c) The Convention on Settlement by Arbitration of Civil Law Disputes Resulting from Economic, Scientific and Technical Co-operation -- d) The UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration -- 3. Bilateral Treaties -- (1) General Arbitration Treaties -- 1) "ex aequo et bono" -- a) "ex aequo et bono" -- b) "according to the principles of international law, or ex aequo et bono" -- c) "a tribunal having authority to decide ex aequo et bono" -- d) "a tribunal having power to decide ex aequo et bono, provided that a rule of international law cannot be applied" -- e) "ex aequo et bono if there exist no such substantive rules applicable as those of Article 38 of the Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice" -- f) "ex aequo et bono if there are no rules of international law applicable" -- g) "If the dispute is not of a juridical nature in the opinion of the Court, the Parties agree to its being settled ex aequo et bono." -- h) "Arbitration, but the right reserved to submit the case to the Permanent Court of International Justice which decides ex aequo et bono".

i) "non-legal disputes to be submitted to the Permanent Court of International Justice, which decides ex aequo et bono if there is no rule of law applicable" -- j) "non-legal disputes may be submitted to the International Court of Justice, which may decide ex aequo et bono if the parties so agree" -- 2) "the powers of an amiable compositeur" -- 3) "Unless the compromis imposes the application of special rules or authorizes the arbitrator to decide as an amiable compositeur, he must apply the principles of international law" -- 4) "On the basis of claims of the parties in the absence of a compromis" -- 5) "in accordance with the principles of justice and equity" -- 6) "in accordance with considerations of equity, if the parties agree" -- 7) "in accordance with the principles of law and equity" -- 8) "differences which are justiciable in their nature by reason of being susceptible of decision by the application of the principles of law or equity" -- 9) "Permanent Court of Arbitration unless otherwise agreed" -- 10) "an arbitral tribunal in accordance with the Hague Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes" -- 11) "the Permanent Court of International Justice in accordance with its Statute or an arbitral tribunal according to the Hague Convention" -- 12) "provisions of the Hague Convention in the absence of particulars in the compromis" -- 13) "Article 38 of the Statute to be applied by the arbitral tribunal" -- 14) "equitable compensation for consequences of a domestic judicial measure" -- (2) Treaties of a Functional Character -- 1) "on the basis of respect for law" -- 2) "the powers of an amiable compositeur" -- 3) "ex aequo et bono" -- 4) "consideration of relevant circumstances" -- 5) "consideration of special circumstances" -- 6) "pursuant to equity" -- 7) "justice and equity" -- 8) "law and equity".

9) "equity in the absence of law" -- 10) "in an equitable manner" -- 11) "amicable settlement" -- 12) "on the basis of mutual interests" -- 13) "reference of the claim to the Permanent Court of Arbitration" -- 14) "application of the provisions of the General Act of 1928" -- 15) "arbitration based on the principle of parity" -- 16) "arbitration, rather than legal proceedings" -- 17) "rules of procedure in accordance with justice and equity" -- 18) "rules of procedure of the Hague Convention" -- 19) "rules of procedure to be decided by the tribunal" -- 20) "provisions of the European Convention on International Commercial Arbitration" 55 -- 4. Special Agreements (Compromis) -- (1) Special Agreements for Arbitration of Claims Cases -- 1) "according to equity" -- 2) "upon a basis of absolute equity" -- 3) "according to justice and equity" -- 4) "carefully and impartially" -- 5) "equitable or just solution" -- 6) "amiable compositeur" -- 7) "ex aequo et bono" -- 8) "according to evidence" -- 9) "taking into account all relevant matters" -- 10) "to the best of the arbitrator's judgment and according to law" -- 11) "to the best of the arbitrator's judgment and according to justice, equity and law" -- 12) "according to justice and in compliance with the provisions of this convention" -- 13) "according to law and/or equity" -- 14) "on the basis of respect for law" -- 15) "provisions of the Hague Convention" -- 16) "rules of procedure conforming to justice and equity" -- 17) "rules of procedure of the Hague Convention" -- (2) Special Agreements for Arbitration of Territorial and Boundary Disputes -- 1) "scrupulous and impartial decision" -- 2) "exchange of territory" -- 3) "according to evidence" -- 4) "arbitrators of equity, acting ex aequo et bono" -- 5) "equitable solution" -- 6) "according to justice and equity".

7) "according to law and justice or equity" -- 8) "provisions of the Hague Convention" -- 9) "taking into account the relevant circumstances" -- 10) "in view of the reasons and documents produced" -- 11) "according to equitable principles" -- 5. Conclusions -- Chapter III. Arbitrations of Territorial and Boundary Disputes -- 1. Equitable Considerations in Procedural Matters -- (1) Tribunal's Liberty of Accepting and Collecting Evidence -- (2) Acceptance of Additional Documents During the Preliminary Phase -- (3) Examination of Pleas of Estoppel and the Critical Date -- (4) Taking Account of the Spirit Which Guided the Conclusion of the Treaty -- 2. Equitable Considerations in Substantive Matters -- (1) Equitable Considerations infra legem -- 1) Very careful weighing of legal bases of the claims and supporting evidence of the parties -- 2) By reason of historical right, of equity and of a geographical nature -- 3) Equitable interpretation of treaty provisions -- a) Most reconciliatory interpretation of the documents which present no desired clarity of the case -- b) Equitable interpretation of the text so as to give practically significant effect to it -- c) Considerations to give the best interpretation of the intention of the diplomatic instruments -- d) Consideration of special circumstances in the interpretation of treaty provisions -- e) Intentions of the parties ascertained from treaty provisions in the light of all the circumstances -- f) Liberal and detailed appreciation of alleged facts -- 4) Considerations concerning estoppel -- a) Estoppel or preclusion from the previous arrangement, provided it is an equitable principle -- b) Diplomatic correspondence suffices to prevent the establishment of a title to territory -- c) Absence of protest may lead to a title to sovereignty, provided a protest is reasonably expected.

d) Silence or non-reaction not necessarily recognition of a claim to sovereignty.