Reducing Emissions of Short-Lived Climate Pollutants : : Perspectives on Law and Governance / / edited by Yulia Yamineva, Kati Kulovesi, Eugenia Recio.

• Superior document: International Environmental Law ; 20
• TeilnehmendeR: Kulovesi, Kati,; Recio, Eugenia,; Yamineva, Yulia,
• Place / Publishing House: Leiden ;, Boston : : Brill | Nijhoff,, 2024.; ©2024
• Year of Publication: 2024
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Series: International Environmental Law ; 20.; International Law E-Books Online, Collection 2024.
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (360 pages) :; illustrations.

Short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs), including methane, black carbon, hydrofluorocarbons, and tropospheric ozone, have become part of climate policy debates. Discussion has revolved around the potential of their mitigation to slow down global warming in the short term and bring about co-benefits, for instance, for air quality and public health. This book provides the first comprehensive analysis of global SLCP law and governance. A diverse array of contributors delves into the science and evolution of the concept of SLCPs, analyses the legal and governance responses developed under various international and transnational arenas, and discusses selected sectoral case studies.

Table of Contents

Front Cover -- Half Title -- Series Information -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Illustrations -- Acronyms -- Notes on Contributors -- Introduction: Reducing Emissions of Short- Lived Climate Pollutants: Perspectives on Law and Governance -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Background, Purpose and Scope of the Book -- 3 What Are SLCPs? -- 4 Global Perspectives on Law and Governance of SLCPs -- 5 Case Studies on SLCP Mitigation -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- Chapter 1 Scientific Overview on SLCPs: Characteristics, Impacts and Uncertainties -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Radiative Forcing and Surface Air Temperature -- 2.1 The Radiative Balance of the Earth System -- 2.2 Climate Feedbacks and Climate Response -- 3 Short- Lived Climate Pollutants -- 3.1 Carbon Dioxide -- 3.2 Ozone (O3) -- 3.3 Methane -- 3.4 Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) -- 3.5 Aerosols and Black Carbon -- 3.5.1 Black Carbon and Albedo Effects -- 3.6 Present- Day and Historical Effects of SLCPs -- 3.6.1 Present- Day Health Effects Due to SLCFs -- 4 Climate Modelling of SLCFs -- 4.1 Structure of Climate Models -- 4.2 Simulating the SLCFs in Climate Models -- 4.3 Estimating Radiative Forcing from Climate Model Simulations -- 5 Future Effects of SLCFs -- 6 Uncertainties -- 7 Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Part 1 Global Perspectives on Law and Policy of SLCP s -- Chapter 2 A Conceptual History of SLCP s -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Theoretical Background -- 1.2 Methodology -- 2 Linking Climate Change and Air Pollution: 1990s-2000s -- 2.1 Early Discoveries: Black Carbon and the Asian Brown Cloud -- 2.2 Taking a Closer Look at Trace Gases: Methane and HFCs Re-examined -- 2.3 Reframing Climate Change for the 21st Century -- 3 The Concept's Arctic Origins: 2007-9 -- 3.1 AMAP's Contributions to the SLCP Debate -- 3.2 Wider Political Impact of Arctic Research.

4 Concept Launch through UNEP and the CCAC: 2011-12 -- 4.1 Conceptual Development in UNEP's Assessments -- 4.2 Emergence of an Epistemic Community for slcp s and the ccac -- 5 Reception and Diffusion in the Policy Sphere since 2012 -- 5.1 The "Paris Effect" on the SLCP Debate and Scientific Progress -- 5.2 Recent Developments: Shifting the Focus from Black Carbon to Methane -- 6 Conclusion -- Annex: List of Interviews -- Bibliography -- Chapter 3 The International Climate Change Regime: Right Home for SLCPs? -- 1 Introduction -- 2 UNFCCC -- 3 Kyoto Protocol -- 4 Paris Agreement -- 4.1 Mitigation Action in the Paris Agreement -- 4.2 NDC Experiences to Date -- 4.3 What Are the Opportunities for Strengthening SLCP Mitigation Action under the Paris Agreement? -- 5 Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Chapter 4 Strengthening the Global Regulation of Hydrofluorocarbons under the Montreal Protocol -- 1 Introduction -- 2 HFC s -- 3 The Global Regulation of HFC s under the Ozone Regime -- 3.1 Events Leading to the Development of the Ozone Regime -- 3.2 The Vienna Convention -- 3.3 The Montreal Protocol -- 3.3.1 Introduction -- 3.3.2 Overview of the Main Provisions of the Montreal Protocol -- 3.3.3 Facilitating the Participation of Developing Countries -- 3.3.4 The Role of Industry -- 3.3.5 Governance under the Montreal Protocol -- 3.4 The Kigali Amendment -- 3.4.1 Events Leading to the Adoption of the Kigali Amendment -- 3.4.2 Overview of the Kigali Amendment -- 3.4.3 Participation under the Kigali Amendment -- 4 Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Ozone Regime -- 4.1 Strengths of the Ozone Regime -- 4.2 Gaps in the Ozone Regime -- 4.2.1 The Montreal Protocol Does Not Regulate Banks of HFC s -- 4.2.2 The Montreal Protocol Does Not Adequately Regulate HFC s Produced as By-Products -- 4.2.3 The Montreal Protocol Does Not Control Substances that Are Used as Feedstocks.

4.2.4 Substitute Substances May Give Rise to Other Problems -- 4.2.5 Obtaining Accurate Data Is Complex -- 5 Strengthening the Global Regulation of HFC s: Enhancing Cooperation under International Law -- 6 Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Chapter 5 The Regulation of Short-Lived Climate Pollutants under the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution and Its Gothenburg Protocol -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Understanding Why Black Carbon Was Introduced into the Gothenburg Protocol -- 2.1 The Revision of the 1999 Gothenburg Protocol (2008-2012) -- 2.1.1 Black Carbon, Methane and Carbon Monoxide in the Revision Process -- 3 Discussion of the 2012 Gothenburg Protocol Amendments -- 3.1 Black Carbon in the Amended Gothenburg Protocol 2012 -- 4 Developments since the Gothenburg Protocol Amendments (Post-2012) -- 4.1 The Long Wait for Entry into Force of the Amendments, External Outreach, and Black Carbon Guidance -- 4.2 The 2017 Policy Review and the Long-Term Strategy for the Convention: towards the Review and Updating of the Gothenburg Protocol -- 4.3 The 2nd Gothenburg Protocol Review (2019 Onwards) -- 4.4 New Developments on the Control of Methane -- 5 Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Chapter 6 The Climate and Clean Air Coalition: A Voluntary Initiative for Climate and Air Quality -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The CCAC's Objectives and Its Structure Are Oriented at Political Feasibility -- 2.1 CCAC's Objectives -- 2.2 CCAC's Membership and Governance Structure -- 2.3 CCAC's Scientific Basis and Science-Policy Interface -- 2.4 CCAC's Multiple Benefits, or Co-benefits Approach -- 3 The CCAC's Activities and Its Governance Role(s) -- 4 Challenges to the CCAC's Work -- 5 Conclusion: the CCAC's Governance Contribution and Possible Future Developments -- Bibliography.

Chapter 7 How to Tackle Short-Lived Climate Pollutants Regionally: The Experience of the Arctic Council -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Arctic Council and Its Work on Climate Change -- 3 Arctic Council's Work on SLCP s -- 3.1 The Emergence of Activities Focusing on SLCP s -- 3.2 The Establishment of a Framework for Addressing SLCP s -- 3.3 Summary of the Work on SLCP s -- 4 The Arctic Council's Work on SLCP s in a Polycentric Governance Perspective -- 4.1 Local Governance -- 4.2 Mutual Adjustment -- 4.3 Experimentation -- 4.4 Trust -- 5 Conclusion: Successes and Weaknesses -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- Chapter 8 From Bilateral Science Diplomacy to Wider Black Carbon Governance?: Norwegian-Chinese and Finnish-Russian Initiatives -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Science Diplomacy on Black Carbon and SLCPs: Analytical Framework -- 3 Norwegian Science Diplomacy towards China -- 4 Finnish Science Diplomacy towards Russia -- 5 Conclusion -- Appendix 1: Membership in Key International Agreements, Frameworks, and Partnerships Relevant to SLCPs -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- Part 2 Case Studies of SLCP Mitigation -- Chapter 9 Regulating Emissions from Cookstoves: Global and National Approaches -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Regulatory Responses -- 2.1 Starting Point: Multi-level Regulation -- 2.2 International Level -- 2.3 Transnational Level -- 2.4 National Level -- 2.4.1 Case of India -- 2.4.2 Case of Kenya -- 2.4.3 Observations from the Case Studies -- 2.4.3.1 Choice of Regulatory Approaches and Instruments -- 2.4.3.2 A Coordinated and Integrated Approach -- 2.4.3.3 Focus on Implementation -- 2.4.3.4 Information and Participation -- 3 Discussion and Recommendations -- 3.1 The Multitude of Objectives, Actors and Governance Levels -- 3.2 A Long-Term View -- 3.3 Focus on Energy Policies -- 3.4 Targeting Households -- 3.5 Transnational Initiatives -- 4 Conclusion.

Bibliography -- Chapter 10 An Integrated and Inclusive SLCP Strategy for Asia: Recommended Policy and Institutional Reforms -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Impacts of SLCPs -- 2.1 Impacts Across Sectors -- 2.2 Impacts Across Social Groups -- 2.3 Impacts Across Scales and Regions -- 3 Toward an Integrated and Inclusive SLCP Strategy for Asia -- 3.1 Strengthening the Science-Policy-Society Interface -- 3.2 Toward an Integrated Strategy: Bringing in Multi-sector, Multi-level Governance -- 3.3 Toward an Inclusive Approach: Bringing in Just Transitions -- 4 Three Measures Where Integration and Inclusion Matter in Asia -- 4.1 Inspection and Maintenance Programmes -- 4.2 Residential Energy and Clean Cooking -- 4.3 Open Burning of Agricultural Residue and Biomass -- 5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- Chapter 11 Black Carbon Emissions in International Maritime Shipping -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Global Level: International Maritime Organization (IMO) -- 2.1 State of the Regulatory Agenda -- 2.2 Proposals for Future Developments -- 3 International Regional Level: Emission Control Areas (ECAs) -- 3.1 Proposal for Future Development: a Mediterranean ECA -- 4 National Level: Government Participation in the IMO, ECAs, and MOUs -- 4.1 State of the Regulatory Agenda -- 4.2 Achievements -- 4.3 Proposals for Future Developments -- 5 Local Level: Port Inspections According to mou s -- 5.1 State of the Regulatory Agenda -- 5.2 Achievements -- 6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- Annex 8.1: IMO Resolution MEPC.342(77) of 26 November 2021 -- Bibliography -- Chapter 12 Tackling Black Carbon in Road Transport: Towards Global Car Emission Standards -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Regulatory Landscape for Abating Emissions from Cars -- 2.1 Car Emission Standards -- 2.1.1 Car Exhaust Emission Standards -- 2.1.2 Fuel Quality Standards -- 2.1.3 Carbon Standards for Cars.

2.2 Fossil Fuel Car Bans.