Positive obligations under the European Convention on Human Rights : : within and beyond boundaries / / Vladislava Stoyanova.

• Superior document: Oxford scholarship online
• VerfasserIn: Stoyanova, Vladislava,
• Place / Publishing House: Oxford : : Oxford University Press,, 2023.
• Year of Publication: 2023
• Edition: First edition.
• Language: English
• Series: Oxford scholarship online.
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (319 pages)
• Notes: This edition also issued in print: 2023.; "This is an open access publication, available online and distributed under the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution - Non Commercial - No Derivatives 4.0 International licence (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)"--Title page verso.

'Positive Obligations under the European Convention on Human Rights' provides novel insight into the elements underlying a state's responsibility to fulfil positive obligations. It is essential reading for academics, legal practitioners, and policymakers working across the diverse fie...

Table of Contents

• Intro
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Preface
• Contents
• Table of Cases
• Introduction
• 1 Deconstructing Positive Obligations
• Introduction
• 1.1 The State as an Institutional Mediator
• 1.2 Justifications for Positive Obligations
• 1.3 Plurality of Obligations Owed by the State
• 1.4 Priority of Rights as Organizational Principles
• 1.5 Trigger, Scope, Content, and Types of Positive Obligations
• Conclusion
• 2 State Knowledge
• Introduction
• 2.1 The Role of Fault in State Responsibility
• 2.2 Triggering and Breach of Positive Obligations under ECHR
• 2.3 Actual Knowledge versus Putative Knowledge
• 2.3.1 Different Possible Ways of Assessing Putative Knowledge
• 2.3.2 State Knowledge Necessarily Implies Normative Assessment
• 2.4 Assessment of Knowledge
• 2.5 No Benefit of Hindsight
• 2.6 Burden of Proof
• 2.7 The Nature and the Level of Risk
• 2.7.1 The 'Real and Immediate Risk' Standard
• 2.7.2 Man-made versus Natural Harms
• 2.8 Contributory Fault of the Victim
• Conclusion
• 3 Causation
• Introduction
• 3.1 The Role and the Standard of Causation
• 3.2 Control and Causation
• 3.2.1 The Rules on Attribution
• 3.2.2 The Role of Control and the Extension of the Logic of the Rules on Attribution
• 3.2.3 Control and Prevention of State-inflicted Harm
• 3.2.4 Assumption of Control in the Area of Public Services
• 3.2.5 Source of the Harm and the Related Level of Control
• 3.2.6 Assumption of Control over the Victim
• 3.3 Techniques for Avoiding Causation
• 3.3.1 Domestic Legality
• 3.3.2 Procedural Protection
• 3.4 Technique for Limiting Responsibility when Causation is Present
• Conclusion
• 4 Reasonableness
• Introduction
• 4.1 Intertwinement with Knowledge and Causation
• 4.1.1 Weak Causation Counterbalanced by the Reasonableness Standard.
• 4.1.2 Strong Causation Counterbalanced by the Reasonableness Standard
• 4.1.3 Reasonableness and Immediacy of the Risk
• 4.1.4 The Importance and the Justifiability of the Analytical Distinctions
• 4.2 Consideration of Alternative Protective Measures
• 4.2.1 Levels of Abstraction/Concreteness and the Burden of Proof
• 4.2.2 Place and Formulation of the Alternative
• 4.2.3 The Standard of Protectiveness
• 4.3 Margin of Appreciation
• 4.3.1 Delineation between Structural Deference and Appreciation of Alternatives
• 4.3.2 Scrutiny in the Appreciation of Alternatives
• Conclusion
• 5 Competing Obligations
• Introduction
• 5.1 Specification for Tensions to Become Cognizable
• 5.2 The Distinction between General Interests and Interests that Form the Basis of Human Rights
• 5.3 Addressing the Competition
• 5.3.1 Equal Moral Status
• 5.3.2 The Relative Importance of the Interests and the Obligations Triggered
• 5.3.3 Action versus Omission
• 5.3.4 Determinacy of the Harm and the Affected Individuals
• 5.4 Accommodation of Obligations
• Conclusion
• 6 Procedural Positive Obligation to Investigate
• Introduction
• 6.1 Conditions that Trigger the Obligation
• 6.1.1 Harm Inflicted by State Actors
• 6.1.2 Harm Inflicted by Non-state Actors
• 6.1.3 Harm Linked with Arguable Omissions
• 6.2 Content and Scope of the Obligation
• 6.2.1 Type of Proceedings
• 6.2.2 Initiation of the Proceedings
• 6.2.3 Effectiveness
• 6.2.4 Cooperation with Other States in Cross-border Contexts
• Conclusion
• 7 Substantive Positive Obligations
• Introduction
• 7.1 Obligation to Develop Effective Regulatory Frameworks
• 7.1.1 Diversity of Regulatory Spheres and the Role of Criminal Law
• 7.1.2 Types of Deficiencies in the Regulatory Framework
• 7.1.3 Concrete or Abstract Reasonableness Review of the Regulatory Framework.
• 7.2 Obligation to Develop Effective National Procedures
• 7.2.1 Not a Self-standing Positive Obligation
• 7.2.2 The Content of the Obligation
• 7.3 Obligation to Take Protective Operational Measures
• 7.3.1 The Test as Originally Developed in Osman v the United Kingdom
• 7.3.2 Modifications of the Test Regarding the Actors of Harm, the Objects of Harm, and the Immediacy of the Risk
• 7.3.3 Adjustment of the Test by Adding Risk Assessment as an 'Integral Part'
• 7.3.4 Adjustment of the Test by Adding Harm-related, Temporal, and Geographical Specifications
• 7.3.5 Content and Scope of the Obligation-the Operational Measures
• Conclusion
• 8 Extraterritorial Positive Obligations
• Introduction
• 8.1 Positive Obligations' Normative Preconditions
• 8.1.1 The Role of the State in Society
• 8.1.2 Democratic Legitimacy and Territorial Boundedness
• 8.1.3 Not Contingent Exclusively on Actual Capacity
• 8.2 Deconstructing Jurisdiction
• 8.2.1 The Territorial Paradigm
• 8.2.2 Effective Control over an Area
• 8.2.3 Physical Power and Control over a Person
• 8.2.4 Acts of Diplomatic and Consular Agents
• 8.2.5 Exercise of Public Powers
• 8.2.6 Extraterritorial Effects
• 8.2.7 Procedural Link
• 8.2.8 Conclusion
• 8.3 Adapting Jurisdiction to the Obligations?
• 8.3.1 Dividing and Tailoring
• 8.3.2 Dividing the Tailoring Brought to a Breaking Point
• 8.3.3 Conclusion
• 8.4 Deconstructing Extraterritorial Positive Obligations
• 8.4.1 Legality and Legal Competence
• 8.4.2 Reasonableness and Balancing of Interests
• 8.4.3 Causation
• Conclusion
• Conclusion
• Select Bibliography
• Index.