Suspension or Termination of Treaties on Grounds of Breach.

• Author: Gomaa, Mohammed M.
• Place / Publishing House: Boston : : BRILL,, 1996.; ©1996.
• Year of Publication: 1996
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (221 pages)

Table of Contents

Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS -- FOREWORD -- INTRODUCTION -- PART ONE MATERIAL BREACH OF TREATY -- CHAPTER 1 THE DEFINITION OF 'MATERIAL BREACH' -- Section 1 The approach of unqualified breach -- I. Jurists and statesmen -- II. Early attempts to codify the Law of Treaties -- A. The Havana Convention On Treaties of 1928 -- B. The Harvard Draft -- Section 2 The approach of qualified breach: material versus non-material breach -- The distinction between two types of breach -- Section 3 The draft of Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice -- Section 4 The draft of Sir Humphrey Waldock -- Section 5 The draft of the International Law Commission of 1966 -- Section 6 The United Nations Conference on the Law of Treaties and the concept of material breach -- CHAPTER 2 A CONTENT ANALYSIS OF MATERIAL BREACH -- Section 1 The elements of material breach -- I. Treaty repudiations not sanctioned by the Vienna Conventions -- A. Repudiations not sanctioned by the treaty itself -- B. Is the denial prima facie of an obligation a repudiation? -- II. Violations of provisions essential to the accomplishment of objects and/or purposes of treaties -- A. The meaning of 'provisions essential to the object or purpose' -- 1. The object or purpose of a treaty -- 2. The 'object or purpose' of related treaties -- 3. Provisions essential to the accomplishment of objects or purposes of treaties -- B. The character of the breach and the violated provisions -- 1. Does Article 60 consider the gravity of the breach? -- 2. Does any violation of provisions essential to the accomplishment of objects or purposes of treaties constitute a material breach? -- III. Integral treaties -- Section 2 Forms and sources of material breach -- I. Breach by omission -- A. Obligations of result -- B. Obligations of conduct or means -- II. Breach by commission.

A. The enactment of legislation conflicting with the treaty -- B. The adoption of Administrative or Executive Acts contrary to treaty obligations -- C. The conclusion of a treaty incompatible with an earlier one -- D. The unjustified repudiation of the treaty -- E. The commission of actions prohibited by the treaty -- Section 3 What does not constitute breach of treaty? -- A. Performance in a manner not envisaged by the treaty -- B. Actions taken in conformity with international law -- C. The failure to discharge obligations of a different legal order -- D. Wrongful acts as a result of a prior wrongful act by another party -- E. Actions foreseen by the parties -- F. Repudiation according to the terms of the treaty itself -- G. Acts becoming compulsory as result of the advent of a jus cogens rule -- Section 4 Classification of material breach -- A. The degree of seriousness -- B. Ratione temporis -- Section 5 What is breached? -- I. The source of the obligation -- A. Norms under treaty or customary law -- B. The law of the instrument and the law of the obligation -- II. The treaty has to be binding -- Non-binding agreements -- III. Force of the treaty -- A. The interval preceding the entry into force of the treaty -- B. The interval between withdrawal from the treaty and the effect of the withdrawal -- IV. Breach of special forms of agreement -- A. Non-written agreements -- B. Pacta de contrahendo -- C. Constituent instruments of international organizations -- D. Treaties concluded between States and international organizations and between international organizations -- E. The issue of the Mandate over Namibia -- Section 6 Who commits breach? -- I. States and international organizations -- A. Organs -- 1. Executive or administrative authorities -- 2. The Legislature -- 3. The Judiciary.

4. The conduct of autonomous public organs separate from the State -- B. The individual -- II. The attribution of the breach to States or international organizations -- CHAPTER 3 EFFECTS OF MATERIAL BREACH -- Section 1 International responsibility -- A. The relation between material breach of treaty and the law international responsibility -- B. Damage as a pre-condition to responsibility arising from material breach of treaty -- Section 2 The notion of 'injured party' -- A. Injured parties -- B. Third parties -- Section 3 Remedies in cases of breach -- PART TWO SUSPENSION OR TERMINATION OF TREATIES ON GROUNDS OF BREACH -- INTRODUCTION -- CHAPTER 4 THE CODIFICATION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF TERMINATION OR SUSPENSION FOR BREACH -- Section 1 Jurists and statesmen -- I. The rejection of the principle -- II. The recognition of the principle -- A. Termination or suspension for unqualified breach -- B. Termination or suspension for material breach -- III. The views of statesmen -- Section 2 Early attempts at codification -- A. The Havana Convention On Treaties -- B. The Harvard Research in International Law -- Section 3 The Draft of Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice -- A. The non-automaticity of termination or suspension -- B. The distinction between bilateral and multilateral treaties -- C. Limitations and conditions -- Section 4 The Draft of Sir Humphrey Waldock -- The distinction between bilateral and multilateral treaties -- Section 5 The Draft of the International Law Commission of 1966 -- Section 6 The United Nations Conference on the Law of Treaties and the adoption of Article 60 -- CHAPTER 5 A CONTENT ANALYSIS OF ARTICLE 60 OF THE VIENNA CONVENTIONS OF 1969 AND 1986 -- Introduction -- A. The non-automaticity of termination or suspension -- B. The scope of Article 60 -- C. The content of Article 60.

Section 1 The rights accruing to injured parties to bilateral treaties -- Section 2 The rights accruing to injured parties to multilateral treaties -- I. The right to terminate or suspend the operation of the treaty -- II. The right to invoke the breach as a ground for the suspension of the operation of the treat -- A. The rights of a party specially affected by the breach -- B. The rights of any party other than the defaulting State -- C. The rights of parties other than a party specially affected by the breach -- Section 3 Paragraph 5 of Article 60 -- I. Legislative history -- II. The content of paragraph 5 -- III. The scope of paragraph 5 -- A. Ratione materiae -- B. Ratione temporis -- IV. The legal characterization of paragraph 5 -- Section 4 Partial termination or suspension of breached treaties -- Section 5 The nature of the right to terminate or suspend the operation of a treaty for material breach -- A. The origins of Article 60 -- B. The nature of Article 60 -- C. Article 60 and proportionality -- D. Termination or suspension for minor material breaches -- E. Provisional suspension as an interim measure -- CHAPTER 6 CONDITIONS AND LIMITATIONS OF ARTICLE 60 -- Section 1 Conditions implied by the character of the breach -- A. Material breach -- B. The actual occurrence of the breach -- C. If the possibility of the act constituting breach has been foreseen by the parties -- Section 2 Limitations imposed by the type or character of the treaty or obligation -- I. Bilateral and multilateral treaties -- II. Treaties of humanitarian character -- III. Constituent instruments of international organizations -- IV. Self-contained régimes -- A. Severe and flagrant acts -- B. Self-defence -- C. The unsuccessful exhaustion of measures provided for in the régime -- V. Law-making treaties -- Section 3 Limitations imposed by particular circumstances.

A. Reasonable time -- B. Estoppel -- C. A party cannot benefit from its wrong doing -- D. Special agreement by the parties -- CHAPTER 7 CONSEQUENCES OF TERMINATION OR SUSPENSION OF THE OPERATION OF THE TREATY -- Section 1 Consequences common to termination and suspension of the operation of the treaty -- A. Survival of jurisdictional clauses -- B. The continuous existence of obligations imposed independently of the treaty -- Section 2 Consequences of the termination of the treaty -- I. Termination of bilateral and multilateral treaties vis-à-vis all the parties -- II. Termination of multilateral treaties vis-à-vis the defaulting party -- III. Sanctity of rights acquired under the treaty -- A. Rights of the parties -- B. Rights of third parties -- Section 3 Consequences of the suspension of the operation of the treaty -- A. Suspension of bilateral and multilateral treaties -- B. The continuing force and existence of the treaty -- C. The parties' behavior during the period of suspension -- D. The effect of invalid termination or suspension -- PART THREE THE IMPLEMENTATION (LA MISE EN OEUVRE) OF SUSPENSION OR TERMINATION OF TREATIES ON GROUNDS OF BREACH -- CHAPTER 8 THE DETERMINATION OF MATERIAL BREACH -- Section 1 Established and alleged breach -- A. Is there a requirement for a determination of a state of breach? -- B. Alleged breach -- Section 2 The competence to determine material breach -- I. Bilateral and multilateral treaties -- II. Constituent instruments of international organizations or treaties concluded within international organizations -- A. The United Nations -- 1. The Security Council -- 2. The General Assembly -- 3. The International Court of Justice -- B. Other organizations -- 1. The League of Nations -- 2. ILO -- 3. ICAO -- Section 3 The process of determining the existence of material breach.

I. The burden of proof of material breach.