International Law and the Protection of Namibia's Territorial Integrity : : Boundaries and Territorial Claims.

• Author: Akweenda, S.
• Place / Publishing House: Boston : : BRILL,, 1997.; ©1997.
• Year of Publication: 1997
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (386 pages)

Table of Contents

Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Foreword -- Table of Contents -- CHAPTER I PRELIMINARY ISSUES RESPECTING THE BOUNDARY REGIME AND TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY OF NAMIBIA -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Consideration of Certain Legal Aspects -- 2.1 'Boundary' and 'Frontier' -- 2.2 'Delimitation' and 'Demarcation' -- 2.3 'Boundary Dispute' and 'Territorial Claim' -- 2.4 Territorial Integrity of Namibia: Measures Adopted by the U.N. -- 3. The Concept of 'Sphere of Influence' -- 4. Notification Regarding Acquisition of Territories -- 4.1 Definition and Legal Effect of Notice -- 4.2 Notification Under Berlin Act, 1885 -- 4.3 Notifications Relating to German S.W.A. -- 5. The Creation of German S.W.A. and the Development of Boundaries -- 5.1 Symbolic Annexation of Coast by Portugal -- 5.2 Title to Angra Pequeña and Adjacent Territory -- 5.3 'Hinterland' Doctrine and the Boundaries of German S.W.A. Protectorate -- 5.4 Measures Adopted to Extend the Limits of German S.W.A. Protectorate -- 6. Occupation of German S.W.A. and Declaration of a Protectorate -- 6.1 General Consideration -- 6.2 Administration of German S.W.A. Protectorate -- 6.3 Occupation, Invasion and Conquest -- 6.3.1 Occupation and Invasion -- 6.3.2 Conquest -- 6.4 Capacity to Settle Boundary: Union and Britain -- 7. Modification of Boundaries of Mandated Territories -- 7.1 Special Issues Concerning Namibia -- 7.2 Modification and Settlement of Boundaries -- 7.2.1 Terms of Mandate Agreements -- 7.2.2 Consideration of State Practice -- (a) Belgium and British Mandated Territories in East Africa -- (b) The Tanganyika-Mozambique Boundary -- 7.3 Sovereignty in Cases of Mandated Territories -- CHAPTER II STATE SUCCESSION, UTI POSSIDETIS AND THE BOUNDARIES OF NAMIBIA -- 1. State Succession and Boundary Regime -- 2. Uti Possidetis -- 2.1 Origin and Scope of Uti Possidetis.

2.2 The OAU and the Boundaries of African States -- 2.2.1 The Charter of the OAU -- 2.2.2 The Resolution on Boundary Disputes, 1964 -- CHAPTER III THE SOUTHERN BOUNDARY OF NAMIBIA: ORANGE RIVER -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Principles of International Law Regulating River Boundaries -- 2.1 Delimitation and Title to Rivers -- 2.2 Delimitation of Mouths of Rivers -- 2.3 Definition of Navigable Rivers -- 2.4 Islands in Rivers -- 2.5 Bridges Over River Boundaries -- 2.6 Accretion and River Boundaries -- 2.7 Utilisation of the Waters of International Rivers -- 3. The Orange River Question: Delimitation -- 3.1 Geographical Features, Communities and Irrigation -- 3.2 Diversion of the Orange River -- 4. Delimitation of the Orange River -- 4.1 North-Western Boundary of Cape Colony -- 4.2 Anglo-German Agreement of 1 July 1890 -- 4.2.1 Introduction -- 4.2.2 Delimitation in East Africa -- 4.2.3 Delimitation in West Africa -- 4.2.4 Certain Anglo-German Commitments -- 4.2.5 Cession of Zanzibar and Heligoland (Helgoland) -- 4.2.6 Delimitation in South-West Africa: Orange River -- (a) General Consideration -- (b) Conflict of Interests between Britain and Germany -- (i) Ferry at Rahman's Drift -- (ii) Construction of Military Road Along the Orange -- (iii) Boring for Water Along the Orange -- (iv) Shipping of Consignment Across the Orange -- (c) Claims of the German Government -- (d) Claims of the British Government -- (i) Original Claim -- (ii) Opinions of the Attorneys-General -- (iii) Offer of Thalweg -- (e) Claims of the Union and Republic of South Africa -- (f) Article III(1) of the Anglo-German Agreement -- (i) Tracing the Intention of the Parties -- (ii) Application of Renunciation -- (iii) Case Law on Mouths of Rivers -- (iv) Case Law Respecting Banks of Rivers -- 5. Application of Estoppel and Acquiescence to the Orange River.

5.1 Substance of Estoppel and Acquiescence -- 5.2 Estoppel and the Conduct of British Authorities -- 5.2.1 Proclamation of 17 December 1847 -- 5.2.2 Declaration of the British Foreign Secretary -- 5.2.3 Instructions of State Secretary for Colonies -- 5.3 Reaction of Germany to the British Acts -- 5.4 Application of Acquiescence -- 6. Nemo Debet Esse Judex and the Orange Question -- 6.1 The T.G.N.U. in Namibia -- 6.2 Application of Nemo Debet Esse Judex -- 7. The Claim of Namibia -- 8. Settlement of Orange River Dispute -- CHAPTER IV THE EASTERN BOUNDARIES OF NAMIBIA -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Maps in Boundary Questions -- 2.1 Definition and Classification of Maps -- 2.2 Function of Maps in International Law -- 2.3 Legal Significance of a Disclaimer on a Map -- 2.4 Conclusions on Maps -- 3. Evolution of the Boundary Question -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The British Order-in-Council of 1885 -- 3.3 The Anglo-German Agreement of 1 July 1890 -- 4. The Southern Boundary of Caprivi Strip -- 4.1 The Line between 21° E and the Chobe -- 4.1.1 The Nature of the Problem -- 4.1.2 The German Claim -- 4.1.3 The British Claim -- (a) Opinions of Authorities in Bechuanaland -- (b) Solution of High Commissioner for South Africa -- (c) Lord Crewe's Solution Regarding Caprivi Strip -- 4.1.4 Settlement of the Boundary: Bechuanaland and the Union -- 4.1.5 Claim of Botswana -- 4.1.6 Map Evidence -- 4.1.7 Interpretation of Article III(2) -- 4.2 The Line Constituted by the Chobe River -- 4.2.1 Outline of the Dispute -- 4.2.2 Claim Respecting Renunciation of Main Channel -- 4.2.3 Interpretation of Article III(2) -- 5. The United Nations Map of Namibia -- 5.1 Background and Scope -- 5.2 Legal Significance -- 6. The Claim of Namibia -- 7. Settlement of the Dispute by Botswana and Namibia -- 8. Boundaries Constituted by Degrees -- 9. Demarcation of the Boundaries.

CHAPTER V THE NORTH-EASTERN BOUNDARY OF NAMIBIA: THE ZAMBEZI RIVER -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Dependent Territories: Capacity to Conclude Treaties -- 2.1 'Independent' and 'Self-Governing' -- 2.2 Colonial Clauses in Treaties -- 2.3 Capacity of Dependent Territories to Conclude Treaties -- 3. Consideration of Exchange of Notes -- 3.1 The Term 'Treaty' -- 3.2 Informal Instruments -- 3.3 Exchange of Notes -- 4. Delimitation of the Zambezi River -- 4.1 Introductory -- 4.1.1 The German Claim -- 4.1.2 The Union Claim -- 4.1.3 The British Claim -- 4.2 Exchange of Notes Defining the Alignment -- 4.2.1 General Consideration -- 4.2.2 Application of Certain Legal Principles -- (a) Provisions Relevant for Mandated Territories -- (b) The Statute of Westminster -- (c) The Status of the Union Act, 1934 -- (d) The Republic of South Africa Constitution Act, 1961 -- (e) Nemo Debet Esse Judex -- (f) Lack of Protest by the League of Nations -- 4.3 Exchange of Notes Conferring Local Rights -- 4.3.1 Severance of Treaty Provisions -- 4.3.2 Reservation Clause -- CHAPTER VI QUADRIPOINT THEORY -- CHAPTER VII THE NORTHERN BOUNDARIES OF NAMIBIA -- 1. Introduction -- 2. 'Neutral Zone' in International Law -- 2.1 Terminologies: 'Neutral' and 'Neutralization' -- 2.2 The Nature of a Neutral Zone -- 2.3 'Neutral Zone' distinguished from 'Condominium' -- 2.4 'Neutral Zone' distinguished from 'Demilitarised Zone' -- 3. Delimitation of Territory between the Mouth of Kunene and Zambezi Rivers -- 3.1 Attempt by Portugal and Britain to Establish Spheres of Influence -- 3.2 The German-Portuguese Declaration of 30 December 1886 -- 3.2.1 General Consideration -- 3.2.2 Provisions Regarding the Kunene-Okavango Line -- 3.2.3 Whether the Declaration is Void or Voidable due to Mistake -- 3.2.4 The British Protest Regarding the Declaration.

4. Anglo-Portuguese Modus Vivendi of 1915 Regarding the Neutral Zone -- 4.1 'Modi Vivendi' in International Law -- 4.2 Provisions of Modus Vivendi -- 5. Ruacana Agreement of 5 July 1920 -- 6. Determination of the League of Nations -- 7. Delimitation of the Neutral Zone -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Delimitation Treaty of 22 June 1926 -- 8. Customary Rights in Delimitation Treaties -- 8.1 Issue of Local Customary Rights -- 8.2 Customary Rights in International Law -- 9. The Alignment Constituted by Okavango River to Zambezi River -- 9.1 Provisions Respecting the Okavango River -- 9.2 The Andara-Katima Rapids Line -- 9.2.1 Ambiguity Respecting 'Andara' -- 9.2.2 Settlement by Caprivi Zipfel Boundary Commission -- (a) Terminal Point at Katima Rapids -- (b) The Boundary at Andara -- (i) Claim of the Union -- (ii) Claim of Northern Rhodesia and Bechuanaland -- (iii) Claim of Portugal -- (c) Delimitation of Dikuyu Island -- (d) Demarcation of the Andara-Katima Line -- (e) 'Provisional Beacons' at Disputed Triune Point -- (f) Portuguese-Northern Rhodesia-Union Agreement -- 9.2.3 League of Nations and Andara-Katima Line -- 10. Consideration of the Triune Point -- 10.1 Anglo-Portuguese Agreement of 11 June 1891 -- 10.2 The Barotse Boundary Award of 1905 -- 10.3 Anglo-Portuguese Agreement of 1954 -- 10.4 League of Nations, U.N. and the Triune Point -- CHAPTER VIII LEGAL ISSUES OF SPECIAL IMPORTANCE TO THE PENGUIN ISLANDS AND WALVIS BAY -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Modes of Acquisition of Title to Territories -- 2.1 The Concept of 'Title' -- 2.2 Prescription -- 2.3 Occupation -- 2.4 Loss of Title -- 3. Legal Effect of Resolutions of the General Assembly and Security Council -- 3.1 The Nature of 'Resolutions' -- 3.2 Legal Force of General Assembly Resolutions -- 3.3 Legal Force of Security Council Resolutions -- CHAPTER IX THE LEGAL STATUS OF THE PENGUIN ISLANDS.

1. Introduction.