Towards the conceptualisation of maritime delimitation : : legal and technical aspects of a political process / / Nuno Marques Antunes.

• Superior document: Publications on Ocean Development ; 42
• VerfasserIn: Antunes, Nuno Sergio Marques,
• Place / Publishing House: Leiden, Netherlands ;, Boston, Massachusetts : : Martinus Nijhoff,, [2003]; ©2003
• Year of Publication: 2003
• Language: English
• Series: Publications on Ocean Development ; 42.
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (705 pages)

This new monograph on maritime delimitation by Dr. Nuno Antunes is based on a thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Durham. The work is one of legal, political and technical analysis of an aspect of the law of the sea that is of current interest in all regions of the world.

Table of Contents

Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- FOREWORD -- PREFACE -- Table of Contents -- General Introduction -- I. DELIMITATION LAW IN THE LOSC: THREE DECADES OF DEVELOPMENT -- Introduction to Part I -- Chapter 1 - The 1958 Conventions -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. The ILC Pursuit of Normative Standards -- 1.2.a) Pre-1958 State Practice -- 1.2.b) First Drafts -- 1.2.b)(i) The Continental Shelf -- 1.2.b)(ii) The Territorial Sea -- 1.2.c) Subsequent Development of a General Substantive Rule -- 1.3. The First Conference on the Law of the Sea -- 1.3.a) Draft Articles -- 1.3.b) The Debates in the Conference -- 1.3.c) Ratio Legis of the Delimitation Rules -- 1.3.c)(i) Equidistance and Special Circumstances -- 1.3.c)(ii) Historic Title -- 1.3.c)(iii) Delimitation of the Contiguous Zone -- 1.3.c)(iv) Oppositeness and Adjacency in Continental Shelf Delimitation -- 1.3.c)(v) The 'Procedural Element' -- Chapter 2 - Relevant Case Law Pre-1982 -- 2.1. The Selected Case Law -- 2.2. The Grisbadarna Arbitration -- 2.2.a) Overview: The Dispute and the Award -- 2.2.b) Critical Analysis -- 2.3. The North Sea Continental Shelf Cases -- 2.3.a) Overview of the Judgment -- 2.3.a)(i) The Dispute -- 2.3.a)(ii) The Reasoning -- 2.3.a)(iii) A Brief Initial Comment -- 2.3.b) The Assessment of Customary Law -- 2.3.b)(i) Summary of State Practice Post-1958 -- 2.3.b)(ii) The Court's Approach -- 2.3.c) The Rule of Article 6 versus Natural Prolongation -- 2.3.d) Normative Standards of Delimitation -- 2.4. The Anglo/French Arbitration -- 2.4.a) Overview -- 2.4.a)(i) The Dispute -- 2.4.a)(ii) The Award -- 2.4.b) Some Points of Contrast with the North Sea Cases -- 2.4.b)(i) A Different Task -- 2.4.b)(ii) The Clarification of Certain Issues -- 2.4.b)(iii) The Contribution to International Law -- 2.4.c) Article 6 of the CS Convention -- 2.4.c)(i) Interpretation.

2.4.c)(ii) Conventional and Customary Law -- 2.4.c)(iii) Special Circumstances, Geography and Equity -- Chapter 3 - Maritime Delimitation in the LOSC -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Brief Notes on Treaty Interpretation -- 3.3. EEZ and Continental Shelf -- 3.3.a) Drafting History -- 3.3.b) The Interpretation of Articles 74(1) and 83(1) -- 3.3.b)(i) Common Intention of the Parties -- 3.3.b)(ii) The Text and the Context -- 3.3.b)(iii) Normativity and Equitable Solution -- 3.3.b)(iv) The Standards of Delimitation in International Law -- 3.4. Territorial Sea: Crystallisation of a Balanced Rule -- 3.5. Contiguous Zone: Non-Existence of a Delimitation Rule -- 3.6. The 'Procedural Element' of Delimitation Rules -- 3.6.a) Introductory Remarks -- 3.6.b) Agreements in Maritime Delimitation -- 3.6.c) Is There an Obligation to Negotiate? -- 3.6.d) The Justiciability of Maritime Boundary Disputes -- Conclusions to Part I -- II. CORE ISSUES: CONCEPT, METHODS AND NORMATIVITY -- Introduction to Part II -- Chapter 4 - The Concept of Maritime Delimitation -- 4.1. The Need for Conceptualisation -- 4.2. Delimitation: A Two-Phase Operation -- 4.2.a) Political-Legal Determination and Technical Definition -- 4.2.b) Case Law -- 4.2.b)(i) North Sea Continental Shelf Cases -- 4.2.b)(ii) Anglo/French Arbitration -- 4.2.b)(iii) Dubai/Sharjah Arbitration -- 4.2.b)(iv) Tunisia/Libya Case -- 4.2.b)(v) Gulf of Maine Case -- 4.2.b)(vi) Jan Mayen Case -- 4.2.c) State Practice -- 4.2.d) Technical Support to Maritime Delimitation -- 4.2.e) Compliance of the Definition with the Determination -- 4.3. Overlapping of Entitlements as the Object-Matter -- 4.3.a) Early Developments in Case Law -- 4.3.b) Overlapping of Entitlements and Overlapping of Claims -- 4.3.c) Title, Entitlement and Delimitation -- 4.3.d) The Inexorable 'Amputation' of Potential Entitlements.

4.3.d)(i) The Overlapping of Entitlements as Concurrence of Rights -- 4.3.d)(ii) Delimitation as 'Amputation' of Entitlements of the Same Type -- 4.3.d)(iii) Precedence between Entitlements: Practice -- 4.3.d)(iv) Precedence between Entitlements: Rationale -- Chapter 5 - Methods and Line-Defining Techniques -- 5.1. Introductory Notes -- 5.1.a) The Need for Technical Expertise -- 5.1.b) Methods and Line-Defining Techniques -- 5.1.c) Technicalities and Law -- 5.2. Equidistance and Equidistance-Related Methods -- 5.2.a) Method of Equidistance -- 5.2.a)(i) A Proper Historical-Technical Background -- 5.2.a)(ii) Contents and Technical Aspects -- 5.2.b) Simplified and Modified Equidistance -- 5.2.c) Adjustment of Baselines and Partial-Effect Adjustments -- 5.2.d) "Méthodes de Lissage" -- 5.2.d)(i) Perpendicular-Lines -- 5.2.d)(ii) Bisector-Lines -- 5.2.d)(iii) Radial-Lines of a Circumference -- 5.2.d)(iv) Appraisal and Rationale -- 5.2.e) Pseudo-Equidistance -- 5.2.f) Equiratio Method -- 5.3. Other Methods and Line-Defining Techniques -- 5.3.a) Enclaving -- 5.3.b) Navigable Channel (Thalweg) -- 5.3.c) Coastal Length Comparison (Proportionality) -- 5.3.d) Ad Hoc Approaches -- 5.3.d)(i) Basic Notion -- 5.3.d)(ii) Parallels, Meridians and Other Straight Lines -- 5.3.d)(iii) 'Corridor-Solutions' -- Chapter 6 - Normativity in Maritime Delimitation -- 6.1. The Delimitation Process: Choice of Procedural Means -- 6.1.a) Preliminary Notes -- 6.1.b) Negotiation versus Adjudication: Outstanding Issues -- 6.1.b)(i) Operative Distinction between Negotiation and Adjudication -- 6.1.b)(ii) Normativity in Negotiated Agreements -- 6.1.b)(iii) Adjudication: Realjurisprudenz or Judicial Reasoning? -- 6.2. Dogmatics of Normativity and Maritime Delimitation -- 6.2.a) Key Aspects -- 6.2.b) Legal Systems: Principles and Rules -- 6.2.c) Normativity in Maritime Delimitation.

6.2.c)(i) Brief Appraisal -- 6.2.c)(ii) Legal Principles in International Law -- 6.3. The Principle of Maritime Zoning -- 6.3.a) Maritime Jurisdiction -- 6.3.a)(i) Basic Concept -- 6.3.a)(ii) Ambit of Interest for This Study -- 6.3.b) Allocation of Maritime Jurisdiction: Maritime Zoning -- 6.3.b)(i) Introductory Remarks -- 6.3.b)(ii) The Paramountcy of Proximity in Maritime Zoning -- 6.3.c) Maritime Zoning versus Maritime Delimitation -- 6.3.c)(i) Maritime Entitlement and Overlapping of Entitlements -- 6.3.c)(ii) Overview of Case Law: The Pre-LOSC Period -- 6.3.c)(iii) Overview of Case Law: The Post-LOSC Period -- 6.3.d) Equidistance ('Closer Proximity') as a Legal Concept -- 6.3.d)(i) Recent Trend in Case Law -- 6.3.d)(ii) A Corollary Emanating from to the Principle of Maritime Zoning -- 6.3.d)(iii) Equidistance as Reference Point for the 'Third-State Issue' -- 6.3.d)(iv) The Equitable Normative Content of Equidistance -- 6.4. The Principle of Equity in Maritime Delimitation -- 6.4.a) Key Thoughts on the Concept of Equity -- 6.4.a)(i) An 'Indefinable' Concept -- 6.4.a)(ii) Legal Systems, Normativity and Equity -- 6.4.a)(iii) Justice In Casu and 'Normative Equity' -- 6.4.a)(iv) Functions and Bounds of 'Normative Equity' -- 6.4.a)(v) Reasonableness as the Scope of 'Normative Equity' -- 6.4.b) 'Normative Equity' in Maritime Delimitation -- 6.4.b)(i) First Period (1945-1969) -- 6.4.b)(ii) Second Period (1969-1993) -- 6.4.b)(iii) Third Period (1993 to date) -- 6.4.b)(iv) A Requiem for the Term "Equitable Principles" -- Conclusions to Part II -- III. DENOUEMENT -- Introduction to Part III -- Chapter 7 - Delimitation Process: A Proposal for Rationalisation -- 7.1. Determination of a Line: The Key Issue -- 7.2. Choice of Factors: 'Factual Matrix' and 'Legal Matrix' -- 7.2.a) The Notion of Unicum -- 7.2.b) Delimitation Factors: Preliminary Approach.

7.2.c) Delimitation Factors: A Basis for Objective 'Typification' -- 7.3. The 'Weighing-Up Process' -- 7.3.a) A Legal Multiple-Factor Analysis -- 7.3.b) 'Multicriteria Decision-Making' in an Extra-Legal Context -- 7.3.c) From Objectivity to 'Subjectivity': An Inevitable Step -- 7.4. Modus Operandi of Delimitation Factors: Choice of Line -- 7.4.a) 'Multicriteria Decision-Making' in the Legal Context -- 7.4.b) Framework for Reasoning Discourse -- 7.4.c) The Determination of the Boundary -- Chapter 8 - The Quest for a Boundary-Line -- 8.1. Elements Germane to the 'Weighing-Up Process' -- 8.2. Facts Related with the Basis of Maritime Entitlement -- 8.2.a) Coastline -- 8.2.b) 'Controlling Basepoints' -- 8.2.c) Islands -- 8.2.d) General Direction of the Coast and Façades -- 8.2.e) Coastal Length (and Its Role in Proportionality) -- 8.2.e)(i) Introductory Notes -- 8.2.e)(ii) Three Fundamental Issues -- 8.2.e)(iii) Tentative Suggestions for Practical Use -- 8.2.f) Macrogeography (and Entitlements of Third-States) -- 8.2.g) Natural Prolongation: Geology and Geomorphology -- 8.3. Facts Related with the Regime of Exclusiveness -- 8.3.a) Natural Resources: Petroleum and Fisheries in Particular -- 8.3.b) Defence and Security -- 8.3.c) Navigation -- 8.3.d) Historical Regimes -- 8.4. Complementary Delimitation Elements -- 8.4.a) Delimitation Area and the Scope to Redress Inequities -- 8.4.b) Continental Shelf Beyond 200 Nautical Miles -- 8.4.b)(i) Areas Beyond 200 Nautical Miles: Entitlement and Overlap -- 8.4.b)(ii) Overlapping of Two Entitlements Beyond 200 M -- 8.4.b)(iii) 200 M Entitlement versus Entitlement Beyond 200 M -- 8.4.c) The Single Maritime Boundary Issue -- 8.4.c)(i) Towards the 'Territorialisation' of Maritime Boundaries -- 8.4.c)(ii) All-Purpose Boundary: Single Line or Dual-Coincident Lines -- 8.4.d) The Emergence of 'Grey Areas'.

8.4.e) Other Issues.