A History of Russian Law – Part 2 : : From the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649 to the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 / / Ferdinand J.M. Feldbrugge.

• Superior document: Law in Eastern Europe ; 70
• VerfasserIn: Feldbrugge, Ferdinand J.M.,
• Place / Publishing House: Leiden ;, Boston : : Brill | Nijhoff,, [2022]; ©2023
• Year of Publication: 2022
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Series: Law in Eastern Europe ; 70.
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (456 pages)

Russia’s emergence as the dominant Eurasian power was realised and structured by a mass of legislation issued in the period of 1649 to 1917 by the Romanov tsars and emperors. This period included the long reigns of Peter the Great, Catherine the Great, Nikolai I and Aleksandr II.

This book examines the development of Russian law from 1649 (the Council Code of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich) up to the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917. Most of what happened during this eventful period found reflection in legislation and was in fact brought about by legislation. This applies to the fundamental reforms of the Russian state by Peter the Great, the abolition of serfdom and the agricultural reforms of the 1860’s, the creation of a modern system of courts during the same period, and the hesitant introduction of a more democratic system of governance through the Constitution of 1906. The first part of this volume is devoted to a description of the development of Russian legislation during the 1649-1917 period , against the background of political and socio-economic developments; the second part goes into greater detail in a survey of the evolution of public law, criminal law and private law. The previous period of Russian legal history has been the subject of vol. 66 of Law in Eastern Europe: “A History of Russian Law. From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649” , Brill, 2017.

Table of Contents

Half Title -- Series Information -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1 General Introduction -- 1 Excursion on Customary Law -- 2 The Sources -- 3 Periodization -- 4 General Tendencies -- 5 The Evolution of Russian Jurisprudence -- 6 Some Concluding Thoughts -- Chapter 2 From the Council Code of 1649 to Peter the Great -- 1 General Overview -- 2 Legislation in the Second Half of the 17th Century -- 3 The Ownership and Use of Land -- 4 Foreign Relations -- 5 Other Legislation -- 5.1 Criminal Law and Procedure -- Chapter 3 The Legislation of Peter the Great -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Adoption of the Title of Emperor in 1721 -- 3 Legislation -- 4 Succession to the Throne -- 5 Central Government -- 6 The Table of Ranks -- 7 Provincial and Local Government -- 8 Criminal Law -- 9 Civil Status -- 10 Church and State -- Chapter 4 The Legislation of Peter's Successors -- 1 The Succession of Peter the Great -- 2 Ekaterina (Catherine) i Skavronska -- 3 Peter ii -- 4 Anna -- 5 Ivan vi -- 6 Elizaveta -- 7 Development of the Law in the Post-Petrine Years -- 8 The Organization of the State -- 9 Succession to the Throne -- 10 Central Government -- 11 The Legislative Process -- 12 Provincial and Local Government -- 12.1 General -- 12.2 Ukraine -- 12.3 Baltic Area -- 12.4 Siberia -- 12.5 Caucasus -- 12.6 The Jews -- 12.7 Urban Administration -- 13 Other Public Law Subjects -- 13.1 Arts and Science, Education -- 13.2 Social Welfare -- 13.3 Civil Service -- 13.4 Taxation -- 13.5 Church-State Relations -- 14 Foreign Trade -- 15 Foreign Relations -- 16 Civil Law -- 16.1 Commercial Law -- 17 Criminal Law -- Chapter 5 The Legislation of Catherine ii the Great -- 1 The Succession of Catherine ii -- 2 Legislation and Catherine's Nakaz -- 3 Central Government -- 4 Regional and Local Government.

5 Legislation Concerning Specific Regions and Ethnic Groups -- 5.1 Poland -- 5.2 Baltic Region -- 5.3 The Jews -- 5.4 Crimea -- 5.5 Tatars -- 5.6 Caucasus -- 5.7 Armenians -- 5.8 Siberia -- 6 Landowners and Nobility -- 7 Criminal Law -- 8 Commercial Law -- 8.1 Foreign Trade -- 9 Education -- 10 Censorship and Dissent -- the French Revolution -- Chapter 6 The Legislation of Paul (1796-1801) -- 1 Historical Overview -- 2 Legislation -- 3 Succession -- 4 Malta -- 5 Government -- 6 Georgia -- 7 Poland -- 8 Urban Government -- 9 Serfdom -- 10 Foreigners and Foreign Trade -- 11 Education and the Arts -- 12 Bankruptcy -- Chapter 7 The Legislation of Aleksandr i (1801-1825) -- 1 Historical Overview -- 2 Succession -- 3 Legislative Process -- Mikhail M. Speranskii -- 4 Central Government -- 5 Other Public Law Subjects Concerning Government -- 5.1 Civil Service -- 5.2 Police -- 5.3 Military Settlements -- 5.4 Censorship -- 6 Provincial and Urban Government -- 7 Regional Government -- 7.1 Siberia -- 7.2 Caucasus -- 7.3 Kalmyks -- 7.4 The Jews -- 8 Nobility (Dvorianstvo) -- 9 Landowners and Peasants -- 10 Criminal Law -- 11 Other Public Law Topics -- 11.1 Procedure -- 11.2 Religion -- 11.3 Education -- 11.4 Welfare -- 11.5 Mining -- 12 Civil Law -- 13 Commerce -- 14 Foreign Relations -- Chapter 8 The Legislation of Nikolai i (1825-1855) -- 1 The Emperor's Personality -- 2 General Overview of the Period -- 3 Central Government -- 4 The Full Collection of Laws and the Compilation (Collection) of Laws -- 5 Civil Service -- 6 Regional Government -- 6.1 Caucasus -- 6.2 Poland -- 6.3 Baltic Area -- 7 The Problem of Serfdom -- 8 Commerce -- 9 Industry -- 10 Criminal law -- Chapter 9 The Legislation of Aleksandr ii (1855-1881) -- 1 General Overview -- 2 The Abolition of Serfdom -- 3 The Establishment of Zemstva -- 4 Judicial Reform -- 5 Police -- 6 Finance.

Chapter 10 The Legislation of Aleksandr iii (1881-1894) -- 1 General Considerations -- 2 Samoderzhavie at the End of the Russian Empire -- 3 Pobedonostsev -- 4 Criminal Law -- 5 Police Legislation -- 6 Finance -- 7 Other Public Law Subjects -- Chapter 11 The Legislation of Nikolai ii (1894-1917) and of the Provisional Government (1917) -- 1 General Considerations -- 2 The Constitutional Reforms of 1905-1906 -- 3 Police Legislation and Criminal Law and Procedure -- 4 Legislation Concerning Religion -- 5 The Agricultural Reforms of Stolypin -- 6 The Collapse of the Russian Empire in 1917 -- 7 The Provisional Government -- Chapter 12 Public Law under Peter the Great -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Position of the Monarch -- 3 Succession -- 4 The Government -- 4.1 The Boyar Duma -- 4.2 The Governing Senate -- 5 The Procuracy -- 6 Legislation -- 7 The Colleges -- 8 Civil Service -- 9 Provincial and Local Government -- 10 Taxation -- 11 Courts and Justice -- 12 Church and State -- Chapter 13 Public Law under the Successors of Peter the Great -- 1 Succession and the Position of the Monarch -- 2 Government -- 2.1 The Supreme Privy Council -- 2.2 The Governing Senate -- 2.3 The Secret Investigation Chancery -- 2.4 The Colleges -- 3 Procuracy -- 4 Courts and Justice -- 5 Legislation -- 6 The Nobility (Dvorianstvo) -- 7 Civil Service -- 8 Provincial Government -- 8.1 Poland -- 8.2 Baltic Area -- 8.3 Ukraine and Crimea -- 8.4 The Jews -- 8.5 Caucasus -- 8.6 Siberia -- 8.7 Status of Non-Russian Indigenous Population -- 9 Local Government -- 10 Taxation -- 11 Church and State -- 12 Education and Culture -- 13 Foreign Relations -- Chapter 14 Public Law in the First Half of the 19th Century: Aleksandr i and Nikolai i (1801-1855) -- 1 The Monarch -- 2 Central Government -- 2.1 Ministers and the Committee of Ministers -- 2.2 The Council of State -- 3 Courts and Justice.

4 Legislation -- 5 Civil Service -- 6 Provincial Government -- 6.1 Police -- 6.2 Poland -- 6.3 Baltic Area -- 6.4 The Jews -- 6.5 Caucasus -- 6.6 Siberia -- 6.7 Inorodtsy -- 7 Local Government -- 8 Nobility -- 9 Landowners and Peasants -- 10 Commerce -- 11 Church and State -- 12 Censorship -- 13 Education and Culture -- 13.1 Universities -- 13.2 Schools -- 14 Foreign Relations -- Chapter 15 Public Law in the Second Half of the 19th Century: Aleksandr ii and Aleksandr iii (1855-1894) -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Abolition of Serfdom and Its Ramifications -- 2.1 The Manifest of 19 February 1861 -- 2.2 The General Regulations on Peasants Renouncing Serfdom -- 2.3 The Household Serfs (Dvorovye) -- 2.4 Regulations About Buying Plots -- 2.5 Regulations on Guberniia Agencies for Peasant Affairs -- 2.6 Regional and Other Differentiation -- 3 The Judicial Reforms of 1864 -- 3.1 The Justices of the Peace -- 4 Provincial and Local Government -- 5 Police -- 5.1 Political Police -- 5.2 Censorship -- 6 Public Finance and Taxation -- 7 Education -- Chapter 16 Public Law in the 20th Century: Nikolai ii (1894-1917) -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Constitutional Reforms of 1905-1906 -- 2.1 The Manifest of 18 February 1905 -- 2.2 The Manifest of 17 October 1905 -- 2.3 The Temporary Rules -- 2.4 The Constitution of 23 April 1906 -- 2.5 The Council of State -- 2.6 The Electoral Law -- 3 Finland -- 4 Religion -- 4.1 Criminal Offences Concerning Religion -- 5 Regional Government -- 6 The Agricultural Reforms of Stolypin -- 7 Criminal Law -- 8 The Finale of the Russian Empire -- Chapter 17 Public Law under the Provisional Government (1917) -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Course of Events -- 3 The Central State Bodies -- 4 Elections -- 5 The Courts and Law Enforcement -- 6 Civil Rights -- 7 Local Government -- 8 The Economic Policy of the Provisional Government.

9 The Dismantling of the Multi-national Russian Empire -- Chapter 18 Criminal Law in the 18th Century -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Developments after the Council Code -- 2.1 The 1669 Decree on Theft, Robbery and Homicide -- 2.2 Decree of 1700 Concerning Bezchestie -- 2.3 The Eternal Struggle with Corruption -- 2.4 Counterfeit Coins -- 2.5 Other Crimes against the State -- 3 Artikul Voinskii, the Military Law of Peter the Great -- 3.1 Penalties -- 4 The Maritime Statute -- 5 Criminal Procedure -- Chapter 19 Criminal Law in the 19th and 20th Century -- 1 Developments up to 1845 -- 2 The Code of Criminal and Correctional Penalties of 1845 -- 2.1 The General Part of the Code -- 2.2 The Special Part of the Code -- 3 Criminal Law After the Code of 1845 and Until the Code of 1903 -- 3.1 The Statute on Penalties to be Imposed by the Justice of the Peace -- 3.2 The Regulations on Measures to Protect State and Public Order of 1881 -- 4 The Criminal Code of 1903 -- 4.1 Preparation -- 4.2 The General Part of the Code of 1903 -- 4.3 The Special Part of the Code of 1903 -- 4.4 The Offences against the State (Chapters 2-4) -- 4.5 Epilogue -- 5 Criminal Law up to 1917 -- 6 Criminal Procedure -- 7 The Criminal Procedure Statute of 1864 -- 7.1 Procedure before the Justice of the Peace -- 7.2 Procedure in the Ordinary Court -- 8 The Criminal Law of the Provisional Government -- Chapter 20 Private Law in the 18th Century -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Persons -- 3 Social Classes: Nobility -- 4 Social Classes: The Clerical Class -- 5 Social Classes: Urban Inhabitants -- 6 Serfs -- 6.1 Fugitive Serfs -- 7 Votchiny and Pomest'ia -- 7.1 The Major Legislative Milestones -- 7.2 Church Lands -- 8 Family and Inheritance Law -- 9 Commercial Law -- 9.1 Bankruptcy -- Chapter 21 Private Law in the 19th and 20th Century -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Persons -- 2.1 The Class System -- 2.2 The Nobility.

2.3 Merchants and Other Members of the Urban Population.