Animacy and Inflectional Morphology across Languages / / Ekaitz Santazilia.

• Superior document: Empirical Approaches to Linguistic Theory ; 19
• VerfasserIn: Santazilia, Ekaitz,
• Place / Publishing House: Leiden ;, Boston : : Brill,, [2022]; ©2023
• Year of Publication: 2022
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Series: Empirical Approaches to Linguistic Theory ; 19.
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (464 pages)

How relevant is the distinction between living and non-living entities in the grammar of languages? This first typological comprehensive study of animacy will immerse you into the realm of this category, its theoretical implications and pervasive effects on inflectional morphology.

Animacy influences the grammar of languages in different ways, although it often goes unnoticed. Did you know that in English there is a strong tendency towards using the Saxon genitive’s with humans instead of the preposition of? Have you everd hear that some Chinantecan languages encode the animate/inanimate distinction in almost every word, and that in Hatam only human nouns distinguish plural number? This book offers for the first time a comprehensive cross-linguistic study of its effects on morphological systems. How do real data fit the theorethical definition of animacy? Do we observe different types of animacy? Which techniques are employed to encode it? Which categories and features are affected, and how? Data from more than 300 languages provide answers to these (and other) questions.

Table of Contents

Intro -- ‎Contents -- ‎Editorial Foreword -- ‎Acknowledgements -- ‎Tables and Figures -- ‎Abbreviations -- ‎Chapter 1. Introduction -- ‎1. Goals -- ‎2. The Organization of This Book -- ‎3. Methodological Issues -- ‎3.1. A Few Words on Language Sampling -- ‎3.1.1. Catching Linguistic Diversity -- ‎3.1.2. Biases in Sampling -- ‎3.1.3. Determining the Size and Features of the Sample -- ‎3.2. A Variety Study on Animacy: Building Our Sample -- ‎3.3. Data Sources -- ‎3.4. Naming Languages -- ‎Chapter 2. Theoretical Contribution -- ‎1. A Brief Explanation of Humanity's Interest in Animacy -- ‎2. Animacy in Linguistics -- ‎2.1. Applications of the Hierarchy -- ‎2.2. "Extended" Animacy: A Hierarchy of Hierarchies -- ‎2.2.1. Inherent Hierarchies -- ‎2.2.2. Discursive Hierarchies -- ‎2.2.3. Temporary Hierarchies -- ‎2.2.4. Linearity -- ‎2.3. The Nature of the Hierarchy: The Egocentric Perspective and Empathy -- ‎2.3.1. Egocentrism -- ‎2.3.2. Empathy -- ‎2.4. The Universality of Animacy -- ‎2.5. Formal Animacy -- ‎2.6. The Explanatory Power of Animacy -- ‎3. Remarks on the Behavior of Grammatical Animacy -- ‎3.1. The Two Faces of Animacy: Condition and Semantic Feature -- ‎3.1.1. Examples of Some of the Affected Features -- ‎3.1.2. Condition vs. Semantic Feature -- ‎3.2. Number of Formal Splits -- ‎3.3. Hierarchical Organization -- ‎3.4. Same Language, Different Animacy -- ‎4. The Definition of "Animacy in Inflectional Morphology" -- ‎4.1. Theoretical Basis for the Definition of the Concept -- ‎4.2. Narrowing the Scope -- ‎Chapter 3. Techniques -- ‎1. Affixation -- ‎1.1. Prefixation -- ‎1.1.1. Free Elements -- ‎1.1.2. Clitics -- ‎1.1.3. Prefixes -- ‎1.2. Suffixation -- ‎1.2.1. Free Elements -- ‎1.2.2. Clitics -- ‎1.2.3. Suffixes -- ‎2. Alternation -- ‎2.1. Pure Alternation -- ‎2.2. Alternation with Change in a Feature or Value.

‎2.3. Alternation Causing Syncretism -- ‎2.4. Alternation Avoiding Syncretism -- ‎2.5. Mixed Alternation Techniques -- ‎3. Overt Free Elements -- ‎4. Reduplication -- ‎5. Zero-Marking -- ‎6. Morpheme Order -- ‎7. Complex Techniques -- ‎8. Morphophonemic Techniques -- ‎8.1. Vowel Alternation -- ‎8.2. Nasalization -- ‎8.3. Tone -- ‎8.4. Stress -- ‎8.5. Glottalization -- ‎9. Mixed Techniques -- ‎9.1. Mixed Morphological Techniques -- ‎9.2. Mixed Morphophonemic Techniques -- ‎9.3. Mixed Morphological and Morphophonemic Techniques -- ‎10. Summary and Conclusions to Chapter 3 -- ‎Chapter 4. Word/Morpheme Classes -- ‎1. (Bound) Pronouns -- ‎1.1. Personal Pronouns -- ‎1.2. Indefinite Pronouns -- ‎1.3. Demonstrative Pronouns -- ‎1.4. Possessive Pronouns -- ‎1.5. Interrogative Pronouns -- ‎1.6. Relative Pronouns -- ‎2. Determiners -- ‎2.1. Articles -- ‎2.2. Indefinites -- ‎2.3. Demonstratives -- ‎2.4. Possessives -- ‎2.5. Interrogatives -- ‎3. Nouns and Noun Phrases -- ‎3.1. Number Markers -- ‎3.2. Gender/Noun Class Markers -- ‎3.3. Case Markers -- ‎3.4. Bound Pronouns -- ‎3.5. Coordinators -- ‎3.6. Affective Markers -- ‎4. Adjectives -- ‎5. Number Markers, Numerals, and Quantifiers -- ‎5.1. Number Markers -- ‎5.2. Numerals -- ‎5.3. Quantifiers -- ‎6. Verbs -- ‎6.1. Animacy as a Semantic Feature -- ‎6.2. Animacy as a Condition for Agreeing Features and Values -- ‎6.3. Animacy and Verbal Morphological Structures -- ‎7. Tense Markers -- ‎8. Inversion Markers -- ‎9. Adverbs -- ‎9.1. Adverbs of Negation -- ‎9.2. Adverbs of Comparison -- ‎9.3. Adverbs of Manner -- ‎10. Gender/Noun Class Markers and Classifiers -- ‎10.1. Gender/Noun Class Markers -- ‎10.2. Classifiers -- ‎11. Case Markers and Adpositions -- ‎11.1. Alternative Forms Depending on Animacy -- ‎11.2. Case Values and Syncretisms -- ‎12. Possessive Affixes/Genitives -- ‎13. Conjunctions.

‎13.1. Coordinators -- ‎13.2. Concessives -- ‎13.3. Consecutives -- ‎13.4. Complementizers -- ‎13.5. Relativizers -- ‎14. Nominalizers -- ‎15. Evidentials -- ‎16. Catalyzers -- ‎17. Identity Affixes -- ‎18. Whatchamacallit Words -- ‎19. Summary and Conclusions to Chapter 4 -- ‎Chapter 5. Feature: Gender/Noun Class -- ‎1. Animacy as a Semantic Feature for Gender Assignment -- ‎1.1. Semantic Gender Systems -- ‎1.1.1. Purely Animacy-Based Systems -- ‎1.1.2. Systems including Animacy and Other Semantic Features -- ‎1.1.3. Systems Based on Semantic Features, Affected by Cultural Factors -- ‎1.1.4. Combined Semantic Gender Systems -- ‎1.2. Mixed Semantic/Non-semantic Gender Systems -- ‎1.3. Combined Semantic/Non-semantic Gender Systems -- ‎1.4. Diachrony: Toward an Animacy-Based Gender Assignment -- ‎2. Animacy as a Condition -- ‎2.1. Animacy as a Condition for Overt Gender Marking -- ‎2.2. Animacy as a Condition for Non-semantic Gender Values -- ‎2.3. Animacy as a Condition for the Resolution of Gender Agreement Conflicts -- ‎3. Animacy as a Value-Dependent Semantic Feature -- ‎3.1. Number Values -- ‎3.1.1. Animacy in the Plural, and no Split in the Remaining Values -- ‎3.1.2. Different Splits in the Plural and the Remaining -- ‎3.1.3. Diachronic Evidence -- ‎3.1.4. Exceptions -- ‎3.2. Person Values -- ‎3.3. Gender Values -- ‎3.4. Tense Values -- ‎3.5. Affectedness Values -- ‎3.6. Specificity Values -- ‎3.7. Distance Values -- ‎3.8. Existence Values -- ‎4. Summary and Conclusions to Chapter 5 -- ‎Chapter 6. Feature: Number -- ‎1. Overt Number Marking in the Controller -- ‎1.1. Types of Controllers -- ‎1.2. Purely Animacy-Governed Overt Number Marking -- ‎1.3. Overt Number Marking with Further Conditions -- ‎2. Overt Number Agreement in the Target -- ‎2.1. (Bound) Pronouns -- ‎2.2. Determiners -- ‎2.3. Nouns and Noun Phrases -- ‎2.4. Adjectives.

‎2.5. Numerals -- ‎2.6. Verbs -- ‎2.7. Gender Markers and Classifiers -- ‎2.8. Conjunctions -- ‎2.9. Evidentials -- ‎2.10. Catalyzers -- ‎3. Optionality -- ‎3.1. Optionality Depending on Animacy -- ‎3.2. Optionality Depending on Animacy and Other Features -- ‎3.3. Optionality with Conjoined Noun Phrases -- ‎4. Mismatches between the Controller and the Target -- ‎5. Values Distinguished -- ‎6. Inverse Number Marking -- ‎7. Animacy as a Condition for Agreement Controllers -- ‎8. Same Form, Different Number -- ‎9. (Apparent) Exceptions to the Relation between Number and High Animacy -- ‎10. Summary and Conclusions to Chapter 6 -- ‎Chapter 7. Feature: Person -- ‎1. Animacy as a Condition for Overt Agreement -- ‎1.1. Object Agreement -- ‎1.2. Subject Agreement -- ‎1.3. Other Elements -- ‎1.4. An Exception on Markedness -- ‎2. Animacy as a Condition for Person Values: Semantic vs. Default Marking -- ‎3. Animacy as a Condition for Agreement Controllers -- ‎4. Obviation -- ‎4.1. Obviation Restricted to Animate Entities -- ‎4.2. Obviation as a Condition for Person Agreement -- ‎5. Summary and Conclusions to Chapter 7 -- ‎Chapter 8. Feature: Case -- ‎1. Syntactic/Functional Approach -- ‎1.1. Subject -- ‎1.2. Direct Object -- ‎1.3. Indirect Object -- ‎1.4. Both Objects: Direct and Indirect -- ‎1.5. Noncore Functions -- ‎1.6. Relative Marking -- ‎1.6.1. Transitives: Subject vs. Object -- ‎1.6.2. Ditransitives: Direct Object vs. Indirect Object -- ‎1.6.3. Direct/Inverse Marking -- ‎1.7. Case Agreement Effects -- ‎2. Morphological Approach -- ‎2.1. The Autonomy of the Ergative -- ‎2.2. The Autonomy of the Accusative -- ‎2.3. Partial Syncretisms -- ‎3. Summary and Conclusions to Chapter 8 -- ‎Chapter 9. Conclusions and Open Issues -- ‎1. Three Types of Animacy -- ‎2. What Is Animacy? -- ‎3. Somewhat Universal -- ‎4. Splits and Hierarchy.

‎5. The Purpose of Grammatical Animacy -- ‎6. Epilogue -- ‎Appendix 1. Pronominal System in Zapotecan Languages -- ‎Appendix 2. Genetic Classification of Languages -- ‎Appendix 3. Data Sources -- ‎References -- ‎Language Index.