Military necessity in international cultural heritage law / / Berenika Drazewska.

• Superior document: International Humanitarian Law Series ; 61
• VerfasserIn: Drazewska, Berenika,
• Place / Publishing House: Leiden, Netherlands ;, Boston, Massachusetts : : Brill Nijhoff,, [2021]; ©2021
• Year of Publication: 2021
• Language: English
• Series: International Humanitarian Law Series ; 61.
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (391 pages)
• Notes: Based on author's thesis (doctoral - European University Institute, 2016) issued under title: Military necessity in international cultural heritage law : lessons learned from international humanitarian law, international criminal law and international environmental law.

This book offers the first comprehensive scholarly analysis of the current meaning and scope of military necessity - a key concept in the international legal framework for the protection of cultural heritage during armed conflicts since the adoption of the 1954 Hague Convention. Academic discussions...

Table of Contents

• Half Title
• Series Information
• Title Page
• Copyright Page
• Contents
• Foreword
• Acknowledgments
• Principal Abbreviations
• Cases
• International Instruments
• Introduction
• Chapter 1 The Development of the Treaty Framework for the Protection of Cultural Heritage
• 1.1 A Historical Perspective
• 1.2 The Birth of a Specific Treaty Regime for the Protection of Cultural Property
• 1.3 The Road to the Hague Convention (1949-1954)
• 1.3.1 The Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict (cpc) (1954)
• 1.3.2 The Changing Interplay of Military Realism and Cultural Considerations between the oim Draft of 1938 and the Hague Convention of 1954
• 1.3.3 The Issue of Military Necessity during the Hague Conference
• 1.3.3.1 Military Necessity in the Preamble of the Hague Convention
• 1.3.3.2 Military Necessity vis-à-vis the General Protection Regime
• 1.3.3.3 Military Necessity vis-à-vis the Special Protection Regime
• 1.4 The World Heritage Convention (1972)
• 1.5 The Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions (1977)
• 1.6 The Second Protocol to the Hague Convention (1999)
• 1.7 The unesco Declaration Concerning the Intentional Destruction of Cultural Heritage (2003)
• 1.8 Conclusions
• Chapter 2 The Concept and Scope of Military Necessity
• 2.1 Introduction: Problems Related to Military Necessity
• 2.1.1 The Elusive Definition
• 2.1.2 Risk of Abuse
• 2.1.3 Conflicting Discourses on Military Necessity
• 2.2 Military Necessity vis-à-vis the Laws of War
• 2.2.1 16th-18th Century
• 2.2.2 Kriegsraison
• 2.2.3 Post-War Scholarship and Judicial Practice
• 2.2.4 Military Necessity and Military Advantage
• 2.3 The Conceptual Framework for Military Necessity
• 2.3.1 The Principle of Military Necessity
• 2.3.1.1 Manifestations of the Principle of Military Necessity in Treaties.
• 2.3.2 Military Necessity as an Exception
• 2.3.2.1 Manifestations of the Exception for Military Necessity in Treaties
• 2.4 Military Necessity: Excuse or Justification?
• 2.5 Limits to Military Necessity
• 2.6 Conclusions
• Chapter 3 Military Necessity within the Framework for the Protection of Cultural Heritage in Armed Conflicts: A Dynamic Interpretation
• 3.1 Introduction
• 3.2 Interpretation of the Hague Convention over 60 Years on
• 3.2.1 Recognition of the Concern for Cultural Heritage of All Humankind
• 3.2.1.1 A Dynamic Evolution of a Concept: from 'Cultural Property' to 'Cultural Heritage'
• 3.2.2 The Change in the Concept and Scope of Military Necessity Following the Adoption of the Hague Convention
• 3.2.2.1 The Contribution of the 1977 Additional Protocols
• 3.2.2.2 Military Necessity in the Second Protocol to the Hague Convention
• 3.2.2.2.1 General Protection
• 3.2.2.2.2 Enhanced Protection
• 3.2.3 Customary International Law
• 3.2.3.1 Respect for Cultural Property and Its Emergence into International Customary Law
• 3.2.3.2 Enforcement of the Duty of Respect as International Custom
• 3.2.3.3 The icrc Study on Customary ihl
• 3.2.3.4 The Manual on Air and Missile Warfare Produced by the Program on Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research (hpcr Manual) at Harvard University
• 3.2.3.5 The 1999 Bulletin of the UN Secretary General
• 3.2.4 Dynamic Interpretation of Treaties and the Hague Convention
• 3.3 Conclusions
• Chapter 4 The Impact of Individual Criminal Responsibility for Offences against Cultural Property on Military Necessity
• 4.1 Introduction
• 4.1.1 Offences against Cultural Property and the Development of Individual Criminal Responsibility
• 4.1.2 The Civilian vs. Cultural Property Approach to the Protection of Cultural Property.
• 4.1.2.1 Statutes of International and Internationalised Criminal Tribunals
• 4.1.2.1.1 The icc Statute
• 4.1.2.1.2 The icty Statute
• 4.1.2.1.3 Law on the Establishment of Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia
• 4.1.2.1.4 Statutes of Other Post-conflict Criminal Tribunals
• 4.1.2.2 Work of the ilc: The 1996 Draft Code of Crimes against the Peace and Security of Mankind
• 4.2 Military Necessity in International Criminal Trials
• 4.3 Military Necessity as a Plea for Excluding Responsibility Compared to the Defences Set Out in the icc Statute
• 4.3.1 Superior Orders
• 4.3.2 Duress
• 4.3.3 Necessity in Individual Criminal Responsibility
• 4.3.4 Lawful Defence of Oneself and Others
• 4.3.5 Defences of Insanity, Intoxication and Error Juris
• 4.3.6 Error Facti
• 4.3.6.1 Monte Cassino: A Case of Putative Military Necessity?
• 4.3.7 Military Necessity and the Burden of Proof
• 4.4 Destruction of Cultural Property vis-à-vis War Crimes, Crimes against Humanity, and Genocide
• 4.5 Conclusions
• Chapter 5 Military Necessity vis-à-vis the Protection of Cultural Heritage in Non-International Armed Conflicts
• 5.1 Introduction
• 5.2 The Treaty Framework: A Change of Focus
• 5.2.1 Additional Protocol ii
• 5.2.2 Second Protocol to the Hague Convention
• 5.3 Customary International Law and the icc Statute
• 5.4 Destruction of the Sufi Mausolea in Timbuktu: Al Mahdi before the icc
• 5.5 Discussion and Conclusions
• Chapter 6 Military Necessity and the Responsibility of States
• 6.1 Introduction
• 6.2 Requirements of Necessity
• 6.2.1 The Essential Interest
• 6.2.2 The Balancing of Interests
• 6.2.3 The 'Only Way' to Safeguard the Essential Interest
• 6.2.4 Grave and Imminent Peril
• 6.2.5 Lack of Contribution to the State of Necessity
• 6.3 Necessity vis-à-vis Other Circumstances Precluding Wrongfulness.
• 6.4 Onus Probandi in Invoking Necessity
• 6.5 Responsibility of a State for Unlawful Destruction of Cultural Property during Armed Conflict
• 6.5.1 The Co-Existence of State Responsibility and Individual Criminal Responsibility
• 6.5.2 Rules on State Responsibility for Acts against Cultural Property
• 6.5.2.1 Breach of an International Obligation of the State
• 6.5.2.2 Attribution
• 6.5.3 Responsibility of a State for Failure to Prevent Violations and Punish Perpetrators
• 6.5.4 State Responsibility for Violation of the Obligation to Respect Cultural Heritage
• 6.5.4.1 Consequences of Destruction of Cultural Heritage as an Internationally Wrongful Act
• 6.6 Responsibility for the Destruction of Property and the Plea of Military Necessity
• 6.7 Conclusions
• Chapter 7 Lessons on Necessity Resulting from the Interplay of Environmental Protection and Armed Conflict
• 7.1 Introduction
• 7.2 The Martens Clause as a Consequence of the Common Concern
• 7.3 Treaty Framework for the Protection of the Environment - An Overview
• 7.4 State Responsibility for Environmental Damage: Lessons from the uncc
• 7.4.1 The Review of Claims and the Agency Approach
• 7.4.2 The Compensability of Environmental Damage
• 7.4.2.1 Loss of Cultural Heritage as Part of Environmental Damage
• 7.4.3 Partial Conclusions on the Contribution of the uncc
• 7.5 Necessity in International Environmental Law
• 7.5.1 Environmental Necessity as a Balancing Factor
• 7.5.2 Environmental Necessity as a Circumstance Precluding Wrongfulness
• 7.5.2.1 Environmental Necessity and Forcible Measures
• 7.6 Conclusions
• Chapter 8 Concluding Remarks
• References
• Index.