The international law of human rights and states of exception : : with special reference to the travaux préparatoires and case-law of the international monitoring organs / / Anna-Lena Svensson-McCarthy.

• Superior document: International Studies in Human Rights ; 54
• VerfasserIn: Svensson-McCarthy, Anna-Lena,
• Place / Publishing House: The Hague, The Netherlands ;, Boston, Massachusetts : : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,, [1998]; ©1998
• Year of Publication: 1998
• Language: English
• Series: International Studies in Human Rights ; 54.
• Physical Description: 1 online resource.
• Notes: "ISHR 54"--P. [4] of cover.; Revision of thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Geneva, 1996.

This study demonstrates the extensive protection that international law provides to human rights even in the most serious of emergencies when they are particularly vulnerable. Based on a meticulous analysis of preparatory works and practice under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, as well as the American and European Conventions on Human Rights, and with a special chapter on the International Labour Organisation's approach to international labour standards and emergencies, this book shows that respect for the rule of law and the concept of a democratic society are controlling parameters in any valid limitation on the enjoyment of human rights. It further shows that respect for human rights and the operation of institutions such as the Legislature and Judiciary are crucial to enabling societies to address and eventually remedy the root causes of emergency situations. The study recommends possible directions for the development of case law and suggests some practical means to help ensure that international legal requirements are in fact respected in emergencies.

Table of Contents

Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- FOREWORD -- Table of Contents -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- ABBREVIATIONS -- TERMINOLOGY -- GENERAL INTRODUCTION -- PART I - EMERGENCY POWERS IN A HISTORIC PERSPECTIVE -- CHAPTER 1 - PUBLIC EMERGENCIES YESTERDAY AND TODAY -- 1. The aesymnetés or elected tyrants -- 2. The Roman dictatorship -- 3. Martial law in England -- 4. Martial law and the suspension of habeas corpus in the United States -- 5. Martial law and the suspension of habeas corpus in the Philippines -- 6. State of siege in France -- Conclusions -- PART II - A BASIC LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR CONSIDERING LIMITATIONS ON HUMAN RIGHTS -- INTRODUCTION -- CHAPTER 2 - THE PRINCIPLE OF LEGALITY -- 1. The principle of legality at the universal level -- A. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights -- B. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights -- 2. The principle oflegality at the regional level -- A. The American Convention on Human Rights -- B. The European Convention on Human Rights -- Conclusions -- CHAPTER 3 - THE PRINCIPLE OF A DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY -- 1. The principle of a democratic society at the universal level -- A. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights -- B. The International Covenants on Human Rights -- 2. The principle of a democratic society at the regional level -- A. The American Convention on Human Rights -- B. The European Convention on Human Rights -- Conclusions -- CHAPTER 4 - THE NOTIONS OF NATIONAL SECURITY AND PUBLIC ORDER -- 1. The notions of national security and public order at the universal level -- A. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights -- B. The International Covenants on Human Rights -- 2. The notions of national security and public order at the regional level -- A. The American Convention on Human Rights -- B. The European Convention on Human Rights -- Conclusions -- CONCLUSIONS TO PART II.

PART III - THE NOTION OF PUBLIC EMERGENCY IN THE INTERNATIONAL LAW OF HUMAN RIGHTS -- INTRODUCTION -- CHAPTER 5 - THE NOTION OF PUBLIC EMERGENCY AT THE UNIVERSAL LEVEL -- 1. The origin, evolution and final acceptance of the public emergency concept: the preparatory works -- A. Phase I: The Commission on Human Rights 1947-1948 -- B. Phase II: The Commission on Human Rights 1949-1952 -- C. Phase III: The General Assembly 1963 -- 2. The work of the Human Rights Committee -- A. The contents of the periodic state reports -- B. The consideration of state reports -- C. The Optional Protocol -- Conclusions -- CHAPTER 6 - THE NOTION OF PUBLIC EMERGENCY IN THE AMERICAS -- 1. States of siege - an early concern -- 2. The American Convention on Human Rights - Art. 27 -- A. A brief history -- B. The emergency provisions in the three draft conventions -- C. The Inter-American Conference on Human Rights, 1969 -- 3. The work of the Inter-American Court and Commission on Human Rights -- A. The Court -- B. The Commission -- Conclusions -- CHAPTER 7 - THE NOTION OF PUBLIC EMERGENCY IN EUROPE -- 1. The preparatory works -- 2. The case-law of the European Court and Commision of Human Rights -- A. The definition of the emergency notion in Art. 15(1) -- B. Power of review and grant of discretion -- C. Propio motu application of Art. 15 -- D. Reservations and interpretative declarations under Art. 15 -- Conclusions -- CHAPTER 8 - THE INTERNATIONAL LABOUR CONVENTIONS AND THE NOTION OF PUBLIC EMERGENCY -- 1. The International Labour Code -- 2. The Forced Labour Conventions -- A. The 1930 Convention (No. 29) - the preparatory works -- B. The 1957 Convention (No. 105) -- 3. Freedom of association and collective bargaining -- A. The Commissions of Inquiry (Art. 26 of the ILO Constitution) -- B. The Governing Body Committee on Freedom of Association.

C. The Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations -- Conclusions -- CONCLUSIONS TO PART III -- PART IV - THE NON-DEROGABLE OBLIGATIONS IN THE INTERNATIONAL LAW OF HUMAN RIGHTS -- INTRODUCTION -- 1. Practical, theoretical and semantical problems linked to non-derogable rights -- 2. Human rights and international humanitarian law: their common concerns and respective specificity -- CHAPTER 9 - THE NON-DEROGABLE OBLIGATONS UNDER THE INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS -- 1. The preparatory works -- A. The Commission on Human Rights 1948-1954 -- B. The General Assembly 1963 -- 2. The work of the Human Rights Committee -- A. General questions relating to Art. 4(2) -- B. Questions relating to specific articles protected by Art. 4(2) -- C. The widening field of non-derogability -- Conclusions -- CHAPTER 10 - THE NON-DEROGABLE OBLIGATIONS UNDER THE AMERICAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS -- 1. The preparatory works -- 2. Opinions of the Inter-American Court and Commission on Human Rights -- A. The obligation to respect and ensure human rights - Art. 1(1) -- B. The right to juridical guarantees - Art. 27(2) in fine -- C. The right to juridical personality - Art. 3 -- D. The right to life - Art. 4 -- E. The right to humane treatment - Art. 5 -- F. The right to freedom from slavery - Art. 6 -- G. Freedom from ex post facto laws - Art. 9 -- H. The right to freedom of conscience and religion - Art. 12 -- I. Rights of the family - Art. 17 -- J. Right to a name - Art. 18 -- K. Rights of the child - Art. 19 -- L. Right to a nationality - Art. 20 -- M. The right to participate in government - Art. 23 -- N. Friendly settlements -- Conclusions -- CHAPTER 11 - THE NON-DEROGABLE OBLIGATIONS UNDER THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS -- 1. The preparatory works.

2. The case-law of the European Commission and Court of Human Rights -- A. The right to life - Art. 2 of the Convention and Art. 1 of Protocol No. 6 -- B. The right to freedom from torture, inhuman, degrading treatment or punishment - Art. 3 -- C. The right to freedom from slavery and servitude - Art. 4(1) -- D. Freedom from ex post facto laws and the principle ne bis in idem - Art. 7 of the Convention, Art. 4 of Protocol No. 7 -- E. Friendly settlements -- Conclusions -- CONCLUSIONS TO PART IV -- PART V - REMAINING CONDITIONS FOR THE LAWFUL DEROGATION FROM THE INTERNATIONAL LAW OF HUMAN RIGHTS -- INTRODUCTION -- CHAPTER 12 - THE CONDITION OF STRICT NECESSITY -- 1. Art. 4(1) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights -- A. The condition of strict necessity in general -- B. The condition of strict necessity and the right to liberty and security of person (Arts. 4(1) and 9) -- C. The condition of strict necessity and the right to due process of law (Arts. 4(1) and 14) -- 2. Art. 27(1) of the American Covention on Human Rights -- A. The condition of strict necessity in general -- B. The condition of strict necessity and the right to liberty and security of person (Arts. 27(1) and 7) -- C. The condition of strict necessity and the right to due process of law (Arts. 27 (1) and 8 of the Convention) -- 3. Art. 15(1) of the European Convention on Human Rights -- A. The condition of strict necessity in general -- B. The condition of strict necessity and the right to liberty and security of person (Arts. 15(1) and 5) -- C. The condition of strict necessity and the right to due process of law (Arts. 15(1) and 6) -- Conclusions -- CHAPTER 13 - THE CONDITION OF CONSISTENCY WITH OTHER INTERNATIONAL LEGAL OBLIGATIONS -- 1. Art. 4(1) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights -- 2. The case-law of the international control organs.

A. The Human Rights Committee -- B. The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights -- C. The European Commission and Court of Human Rights -- 3. General discussion on the meaning of the terms "other obligations under international law" -- A. The United Nations Charter -- B. Other human rights treaties -- C. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights -- D. International humanitarian law -- Conclusions -- CHAPTER 14 - THE PROHIBITION OF DISCRIMINATION -- 1. Art. 4(1) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights -- A. The preparatory works -- B. The work of the Human Rights Committee -- 2. Art. 27(1) of the American Convention on Human Rights -- A. The case-law of the Inter-American Court and Commission on Human Rights -- 3. Art. 15 of the European Convention on Human Rights -- A. The case-law of the European Court and Commission of Human Rights -- 4. Discrimination on grounds of national or ethnic origin during Second World War -- A. England -- B. France -- C. The United States -- Conclusions -- CHAPTER 15 - THE CONDITION OF INTERNATIONAL NOTIFICATION -- 1. Art. 4(3) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights -- A. The preparatory works -- B. The work of the Human Rights Committee -- 2. Art. 27(3) of the American Convention on Human Rights -- A. The work of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights -- 3. Art. 15(3) of the European Convention on Human Rights -- A. The preparatory works -- B. The obligation in general to submit notices of derogation -- C. The derogation notices in practice -- D. The case-law of the European Commission and Court of Human Rights -- Conclusions -- CONCLUSIONS TO PART V -- GENERAL CONCLUSIONS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- INDEX -- International Studies in Human Rights.