Nuclear weapons and scientific responsibility /

Nuclear weapons and scientific responsibility / / C.G. Weeramantry.

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Weeramantry, C. G.,
Place / Publishing House:Ratmalana, Sri Lanka ;, Cambridge, Massachusetts ;, Dordrecht, The Netherlands : : Sarvodaya Vishva Lekha :, Kluwer Law International,, 1999.
©1987
Year of Publication:1999
Language:English
Physical Description:1 online resource.
Notes:Includes index.
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Table of Contents:
  • Intro
  • Title Page
  • Copyright Page
  • PREFACE TO SECOND PRINTING
  • FOREWORD
  • ORIGINAL PREFACE (1987)
  • Table of Contents
  • CHAPTER 1 The Beginnings
  • CHAPTER 2 The Cold War
  • CHAPTER 3 The Distinctiveness of Nuclear Weapons
  • The Nuclear Winter
  • a) Atmospheric Effects
  • b) Agricultural Effects
  • c) Medical Effects
  • d) Social Effects
  • CHAPTER 4 The Arsenals
  • Analysis of U.S. Firepower
  • Analysis of Soviet Firepower
  • A Comparative Survey
  • a) Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs)
  • b) Submarine-launched Ballistic Missiles (SLBMs)
  • c) Bombers
  • d) Launch-on-Warning Systems
  • e) Weapons Sites
  • The Other Weapons States
  • Proliferation
  • CHAPTER 5 The Origins and Current Status of the International Law of War
  • Does International Law Exist?
  • The Sources of International Law
  • The Characteristics of a Legal Prescription
  • a) Policy Content
  • b) Authority Signal
  • c) Control Intention
  • Swings toward International Law
  • The Framework of the Law relating to War
  • The Jus ad Bellum
  • The Jus in Bello
  • The Human Rights Dimension
  • CHAPTER 6 Is the Use of Nuclear Weapons Illegal?
  • What Principles of International Law Render the Use of Nuclear Weapons Illegal?
  • 1. Causation of indiscriminate harm to combatants and non-combatants
  • 2. Aggravation of pain and suffering
  • 3. Violation of the laws of humanity
  • 4. Contradiction of the principle of proportionality
  • 5. Nullification of a return to peace
  • 6. Destruction of the eco-system
  • 7. The extermination of populations and the decimation of mankind
  • 8. The possibility of extinction of the human race
  • 9. Intergenerational damage
  • 10. The express prohibition of asphyxiating gases and analogous materials
  • 11. Destruction and damage to neutral states
  • The Delictual Dimension
  • Alleged Justifications and their Inadequacy.
  • 1. Abrogation of international law by contrary practice
  • 2. The necessities of war
  • 3. Practical military strategy
  • 4. The concept of a just war
  • 5. Self-defence
  • 6. The preservation of one's way of life
  • 7. Preventing destabilization of areas of influence
  • A More Humanistic Approach to International Law
  • CHAPTER 7 Is the Manufacture of Nuclear Weapons Illegal?
  • Deterrence
  • a) The impracticality of deterrence
  • b) The illegality of deterrence
  • A Contained Nuclear War
  • a) Theatre nuclear war
  • b) Limited nuclear war
  • c) Star Wars: the objections
  • Other considerations
  • a) The unpredictability of the outbreak of war
  • b) 1he unpredictability of the course of war
  • c) The uncontrollability of war
  • d) Launch-on-warning capability (LOWC)
  • e) The electro-magnetic pulse (EMP)
  • f) The absence of a limited war concept in Soviet nuclear strategy
  • g) lncentives towards a first strike strategy
  • h) Scientific research as an impediment to de-escalation
  • i) The increase in the likelihood of war
  • The Violation of Human Rights
  • CHAPTER 8 The Concept of Personal Responsibility in International Law
  • CHAPTER 9 The Responsibility of the Scientist
  • Conscious Involvement
  • The Principle of Causation
  • The Principle of Foreseeability
  • Changes in Public Attitudes
  • Levels of Scientific Involvement
  • Scientific Involvement through Information Technology
  • Alleged Justifications for Scientific Involvement
  • 1. The principle of freedom of scientific research
  • 2. Patriotic duty
  • 3. Defence of one's political beliefs or economic interests
  • 4. The "slippery slope" argument
  • 5. Belief in self-defence, deterrence, or the concept of a contained nuclear war
  • 6. Belief that nuclear weapons control "small wars" and prevent big ones
  • 7. The futility of individual protest.
  • 8. Culpability and responsibility lie with the decision makers
  • 9. Superior orders
  • 10. Lack of official position
  • 11. Economic necessity
  • Some Ideological Objections
  • a) The nutrality of science
  • b) The worthiness of the scientific endeavor
  • c) The truthfulness and rationality of science
  • d) The openness of science
  • e) The unpredictability of scientific consequences
  • f) The misapplication of science by others
  • Some International Declarations on Scientific Responsibility
  • Unilateral Scientific Abstention
  • Current Ethical Concerns Among Scientists
  • The Need for an Ethical Code for Nuclear Scientists
  • CHAPTER 10 Consequences of the Thesis advanced in this Book
  • Conclusion: Practical Advantages of Underlining Scientific Responsibility
  • 1. Clarification of the issues for scientists
  • 2. Sharpening of the scientific conscience
  • 3. Creation of a climate of scientific opinion
  • 4. Evolution of codes of ethical conduct for nuclear scientists
  • 5. International declarations
  • 6. Greater public awareness
  • 7. Reinforcing of anti-nuclear moral sentiment
  • 8. Strengthening the wall of resistance to the use of nuclear weaponry
  • 9. Clarifying the distinction between destruction and war
  • 10. Reliance on existing principles rather than future treaties
  • 11. More affirmative use of the legal system
  • 12. Channelling science towards peace
  • APPENDIX A The Nuclear Winter according to Lord Byon, 1816
  • APPENDIX B The Fallacy of Star Wars
  • APPENDIX C Einstein's Letter to Roosevelt, 1939
  • APPENDIX D Niels Bohr's Memorandum to Roosevelt, 1944
  • APPENDIX E Extract from 'Franck Report' to the Secretary of War, 1945
  • APPENDIX F The Russell-Einstein Manifesto, 1955
  • APPENDIX G Declaration of the Canadian Pugwash Group, 1982.
  • APPENDIX H For the Species and the Planet: A Statement in Support of the Five Continent Peace Initiative, 1985
  • APPENDIX I Resolution of Human Rights Committee on Illegality of Nuclear War
  • APPENDIX J Principles Formulated by the International Law Commission
  • APPENDIX K Proposed U. N. Declaration of Scientific Responsibility in Relation to Nuclear Weaponry
  • APPENDIX L Three Judicial Opinions
  • a) WHO Advisory Opinion
  • b) New Zealand v. France
  • c) General Assembly Advisory Opinion
  • List of Articles
  • INDEX.

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