International environmental law / / Alexandre Kiss and Dinah Shelton.

• Superior document: International Environmental Law ; 4
• VerfasserIn: Kiss, Alexandre Charles, 1925-2007,; Shelton, Dinah,
• TeilnehmendeR: Shelton, Dinah,
• Place / Publishing House: Ardsley, NY : : Transnational Publishers, Inc.,, [2004]; ©2004
• Year of Publication: 2004
• Edition: Third edition.
• Language: English
• Series: International Environmental Law ; 4.
• Physical Description: 1 online resource.

The third edition of this major legal guide has been thoroughly revised and updated to cover recent events and important emerging issues. Additional material includes analysis of and commentary on the World Summit on Sustainable Development, ecosystem management, compliance and dispute settlement, armed conflict, and developments in the relationship of trade and the environment. Highlights include: - Concept and Scope of the "Environment" and "Environmental Law" -The Necessity of International Law - Foundations of International Environmental Law - Origin and Evolution of International Environmental Law - Sources of International Environmental Law - Institutions and Civil Society - International Common Law and Principles - Implementing International Environmental Law - Compliance and Dispute Settlement - Protection of Living Organisms - Fresh Waters -The Marine Environment -Atmosphere, Stratosphere and Climate -Regulating Threats to the Environment Published under the Transnational Publishers imprint.

Table of Contents

Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Authors' Preface -- Table of Contents -- List of Abbreviations -- Chronological Table of Treaties and Other International Instruments -- Table of European Union Law -- Table of Cases -- Introduction -- A. Concept and Scope of the "Environment" and "Environmental Law" -- B. The Necessity of International Law -- PART I: STRUCTURE AND BASIC CONCEPTS -- Chapter 1: Foundations of International Environmental Law -- A. Religion and Philosophy -- 1. Religious Sources -- 2. Utilitarianism -- 3. Equity -- a. Intra-Generational Equity -- b. Inter-Generational Equity: Rights of Future Generations -- c. Inter-Species Equity -- B. Science -- C. Economics -- D. International Law -- 1. Sovereignty -- 2. Cooperation -- 3. Common Concern of Humanity -- 4. Common Heritage of Mankind -- E. Conclusions -- Chapter 2: Origin and Evolution of International Environmental Law -- A. International Environmental Law before the Stockholm Conference -- B. The Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment -- C. From Stockholm to Rio -- 1. Global Instruments -- 2. Regional Instruments -- 3. Customary International Law -- D. The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development -- E. From Rio to Johannesburg -- F. The World Summit on Sustainable Development -- Chapter 3: The Sources of International Environmental Law -- A. International Conventions -- 1. The Nature of Obligations -- 2. Framework Agreements -- 3. Interim Application -- 4. Mechanisms and Organs of Cooperation -- 5. Compliance Procedures -- 6. Adaptation and Evolution of Obligations -- B. Customary International Law -- C. General Principles of Law -- D. Judicial Decisions and Doctrine -- E. Other Sources of Obligation -- 1. Resolutions and Decisions of International Organizations -- 2. Decisions of COPs/MOPs -- 3. Action Plans and Programs -- 4. Standardization.

5. Codes of Conduct -- 6. State/Private Contracts -- F. Conclusions -- Chapter 4: International Institutions and Civil Society -- A. Functions -- B. Division of Tasks -- C. Global Organizations -- 1. United Nations -- a. United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) -- b. Commission on Sustainable Development -- c. International Law Commission -- d. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe -- e. Other UN Bodies -- 2. UNESCO -- 3. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). -- 4. World Health Organization (WHO) -- 5. World Meteorological Organization (WMO) -- 6. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) -- 7. International Maritime Organization (IMO) -- 8. International Labor Organization (ILO) -- 9. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) -- 10. World Trade Organization (WTO) -- D. Regional Organizations -- 1. Council of Europe -- 2. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) -- 3. Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) -- 4. European Union (EU) -- 5. Organization of American States (OAS) -- 6. South Pacific Regional Organizations -- 7. Organization of African Unity/African Union -- E. Sub-Regional and Bilateral Organizations -- F. Institutions Established by Multilateral Environmental Conventions -- G. International Financial Institutions -- 1. World Bank -- 2. Global Environment Facility (GEF) -- 3. International Finance Corporation (IFC) -- 4. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) -- 5. European Bank of Investment -- 6. Inter-American Development Bank -- 7. African Development Bank -- 8. Asian Development Bank -- H. Non-Governmental Organizations and Civil Society -- 1. The Role of NGOs -- 2. World Conservation Union (IUCN) -- 3. World-Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) -- 4. Civil Society -- Chapter 5: Customary International Law and Principles -- A. The Regulation of Transfrontier Pollution.

1. Definition of Transfrontier Pollution -- 2. Historic Approaches -- a. Claims of Absolute Sovereignty -- b. Abuse of Rights -- c. The Right to Be Free from Transfrontier Pollution -- 3. Current Norms -- a. Respect for the Environment of Other States and Commons Areas -- b. Notification of Imminent Harm -- c. Assistance in Emergencies -- d. Advance Notification and Consultation. -- e. Equality of Access to Administrative or Judicial Procedures -- B. General Legal Principles -- 1. Prevention -- 2. Precaution -- 3. "Polluter Pays" Principle -- 4. Sustainable Development -- 5. Protection, Preservation and Conservation -- C. Conclusions -- Chapter 6: Implementing International Environmental Law: Techniques and Procedures -- A. Introduction -- B. Regulatory Measures -- 1. Standard-Setting -- a. Process Standards -- b. Product Standards -- c. Emission Standards -- d. Quality Standards -- 2. Restrictions and Prohibitions -- a. Limits or Bans -- b. Taking and Trade Measures -- c. Land Use Regulation -- C. Environmental Impact Assessment -- 1. Criteria and Procedures -- 2. European Community Law -- 3. Procedures of International Financial Institutions -- a. World Bank -- b. International Finance Corporation -- c. Regional Banks -- D. Risk Assessment -- E. Strategic Environmental Evaluation -- F. Licensing and Permitting -- 1. Purpose and Goals -- 2. Procedures -- G. Prior Informed Consent -- H. Economic Measures -- 1. Taxation -- 2. Loans -- 3. Insurance -- 4. Grants and Subsidies -- 5. Negotiable Permits and Joint Implementation -- 6. Deposits -- 7. Labeling -- I. Monitoring and Surveillance -- J. Environmental Management and Audits -- K. Conclusions -- Chapter 7: Compliance and Dispute Settlement -- A. National Enforcement of International Environmental Norms -- 1. Administrative Procedures -- 2. Civil Liability -- a. Adjudicative Jurisdiction.

b. Choice of Law -- c. Assessing Damages -- d. Execution of Foreign Judgments -- e. Treaty Regimes of Liability and Compensation -- i. Marine Oil Pollution -- ii. Nuclear Operations -- iii. Hazardous Wastes -- iv. The Lugano Convention -- 3. Penal Law -- B. International Compliance Mechanisms -- 1. Reporting Obligations -- 2. Verification and Non-Compliance Procedures -- 3. World Bank Inspection Panels -- C. State Responsibility and Liability -- 1. Overview -- 2. Implementation of State Responsibility -- a. Causation -- b. Attributing the Pollution -- c. Reparations -- d. Procedural Issues -- e. Harm to the Global Commons -- f. Jurisprudence -- 3. State Liability for Injurious Consequences of Lawful Acts -- D. International Dispute Settlement Procedures -- 1. Arbitration -- 2. The International Court of Justice -- 3. The Law of the Sea Tribunal -- 4. World Trade Organization -- E. International Criminal Law -- PART II: SECTORAL AND TRANS-SECTORAL REGULATION -- Chapter 8: Protection of Biological Diversity -- A. Concepts and Definitions -- B. Loss of Biological Diversity -- C. Development of Legal Norms -- D. General International Instruments -- 1. Global Instruments -- a. Convention on Biological Diversity -- b. Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals -- 2. Regional Instruments -- a. Africa -- b. The Americas -- c. Europe -- d. Asia and the Pacific -- E. Addressing Specific Threats -- 1. Habitat Protection -- a. Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar) -- b. UNESCO World Heritage Convention -- c. Protocols to Regional Seas Agreements -- 2. Regulation of Trade -- 3. Driftnet Fishing -- F. Protection of Species or Groups of Species -- 1. Marine Living Resources -- a. Fisheries -- b. Marine Turtles -- c. Cetaceans -- d. Seals -- e. Polar Bears -- 2. Terrestrial Species -- a. Forests -- b. Vicuña.

c. European Bats -- d. Birds -- G. Access to Biological Resources -- H. Invasive or Alien Species -- I. Conclusions -- Chapter 9: Soil -- A. The UN Desertification Convention -- B. General Norms on Soil Protection -- Chapter 10: Fresh Waters -- A. Overview -- B. General Rules -- 1. Global Norms -- 2. Regional Regulation -- C. From Transfrontier Pollution Control to Shared Resource Management -- 1. Europe -- 2. North America -- 3. South America -- 4. Africa -- 5. Asia -- D. Boundary Waters Case Studies -- 1. The Danube -- 2. United States-Mexico Boundary Waters -- E. Conclusions -- Chapter 11: Protection of the Marine Environment -- A. Overview -- B. Historical Evolution -- C. Rights and Duties of States in Maritime Areas -- 1. Flag State Jurisdiction -- 2. Port State Jurisdiction -- 3. Coastal State Jurisdiction -- D. Comprehensive Regional Treaties -- E. Combating Different Forms of Pollution -- 1. Vessel Source Pollution -- 2. Marine Pollution Transported by Air -- 3. Dumping of Wastes -- 4. Exploration and Exploitation of the Sea-Bed -- 5. Land-Based Pollution -- 6. Emergencies -- a. Preventive Actions -- b. Responsive Actions -- 7. Intervention on the High Seas -- 8. Responsibility and Damages for Harm -- F. Conclusions -- Chapter 12: Atmosphere, Stratosphere and Climate -- A. Overview -- B. International Efforts to Control Air Pollution -- 1. Initial Legal Approaches -- 2. International Treaties to Combat Air Pollution -- 3. Legislation of the European Union -- C. Protection of the Ozone Layer -- D. Anthropogenic Climate Change -- Chapter 13: Regulating Threats to the Environment -- A. Toxic and Hazardous Products -- 1. Production and Use -- 2. Trade and Transport -- B. Wastes -- 1. Waste Management -- 2. Transfrontier Movements -- C. Regulating Hazardous Industries -- D. Radioactivity -- 1. Security of Nuclear Materials -- 2. Nuclear Accidents.

3. Radioactive Wastes.