The Republic of Cyprus : : A Study in International Law.

• Superior document: Developments in International Law Series ; v.35
• Author: Chrysostomides, Kypros.
• Place / Publishing House: Boston : : BRILL,, 2000.; ©2000.
• Year of Publication: 2000
• Edition: 1st ed.
• Language: English
• Series: Developments in International Law Series
• Physical Description: 1 online resource (651 pages)

Table of Contents

Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- FOREWORD -- PREFACE -- Table of Contents -- ABBREVIATIONS -- PART ONE PRELIMINARY -- INTRODUCTION -- I HISTORICAL OVERVIEW -- 1 Historical Excursus up to 1878 -- 2 British Rule -- 2.1 The 1878-1955 Period -- 2.2 The 1955-1959 Period -- 3 The 1960 Constitution -- 3.1 Executive -- 3.2 Legislature -- 3.3 Communal Chambers -- 3.4 Judiciary -- 3.5 Other Provisions -- 4 Constitutional Difficulties -- 5 The 13 Proposals to amend the Constitution and the Intercommunal Conflict that followed -- 6 The Coup and the Invasion -- Chronological Table of the main Developments of the Cyprus Problem and the Negotiations for its Solution from 1974 to the Present Day -- PART TWO ESTABLISHMENT - CRISIS AND CONTINUITY (1960-1974) -- II THE CREATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF CYPRUS -- 1 The Emergence of Statehood -- 1.1 Devolution of Sovereignty -- 1.2 Unitary State -- 1.3 "Imposed" Constitution - the Notion of the "People of Cyprus -- 2 "Succession of States" in International Law. The Provisions in the Treaty of Establishment -- 3 Recognition -- 3.1 "Collective recognition -- 3.2 The characteristics of Statehood -- 3.3 "Independence" - "Sovereignty -- 4 "Limitations" to the Independence of Cyprus? -- 4.1 The Treaty of Alliance and the Treaty of Guarantee -- 4.2 Legal Evaluation of the Treaties -- 4.3 Restrictions as to Amendments of the 1960 Constitution -- 4.4 Military or Territorial Concessions -- 5 The Legal Status of the Sovereign Base Areas -- 5.1 The Treaties Establishing the SBAs -- 5.2 The Status of the SBAs under the Law of the United Kingdom -- 5.3 The Status of the SBAs under the Law of the Republic of Cyprus -- 5.4 The Status of the SBAs under Public International Law -- 5.4.1 Are the SBAs a State or another Related Form? -- 5.4.2 Are the SBAs a "Colony" under International Law?.

5.4.3 Are the SBAs a "Servitude" under International Law? -- III CRISIS AND CONTINUITY OF THE REPUBLIC OF CYPRUS (1963-1964 AND 1974 COUP) -- 1 The 1963-1964 Crisis and International Law -- 2 The Stand taken by the International Community -- 2.1 Great Britain -- 2.2 The Security Council of the United Nations -- 2.3 The United Nations General Assembly -- 2.4 International Treaties concluded by the Republic of Cyprus 1963-1974 -- 2.5 The Position taken by the Turkish side -- 3 Internal Changes not impinging on the Continuity of a State -- 4 The Doctrine of Necessity (salus populi, suprema lex) and the Preservation of the Legal Order -- 4.1 The Attorney General of the Republic v. Mustafa Ibrahim -- 4.2 Method of introduction of the Doctrine and its Legal Rank examined through the Ibrahim Case -- 4.3 Wide Acceptance of the Doctrine of Necessity -- 5 The Coup d'Etat of 1974 -- PART THREE INVASION AND OCCUPATION 1974 AND AFTER -- IV THE MILITARY INVASION OF 1974 AND THE CONTINUATION OF THE OCCUPATION -- 1 The Armed Attack -- 2 1974 - "Armed Conflict" between Cyprus and Turkey -- 3 The Illegality of the Invasion -- 3.1 The Limits of the Right to use Force -- 3.2 Article II of the Treaty of Guarantee -- 3.3 Article IV of the Treaty of Guarantee -- 3.4 Analysis by R.St. J. MacDonald -- 3.5 The Second Phase of the Invasion - 14th August 1974 -- 4 The Argument of "Humanitarian Intervention -- 4.1 The Criteria for a "Humanitarian Intervention -- 4.2 Limitations to "Humanitarian Intervention -- 4.3 The Kosovo Crisis -- 5 Illegal Military Occupation from 1974 to the present day -- 5.1 Has Turkey become a Belligerent Occupant of the northern part of Cyprus? -- 5.2 The Continued Presence of Turkey in Cyprus is Illegal -- 5.3 The Decision of the European Commission of Human Rights in Application No. 8007/77, Cyprus v. Turkey.

5.4 Decisions - Resolutions of the United Nations -- 5.5 Has the Illegal Occupation ended? -- 5.6 The Temporary Character of the Occupation and the Continuation of the Sovereignty and the International Personality of a State under Occupation -- V THE EFFECTS OF THE TURKISH INVASION - "ETHNIC CLEANSING -- A Introduction -- 1 "Ethnic Cleansing" - A Novel Term? -- 2 Applicability of the law on Human Rights and the relevant Treaties also in Armed Conflict and in Conditions of Occupation -- 3 Applications of Cyprus against Turkey before the ECHR and the ECourtHR - An Overview -- B Violations of personal rights in the occupied territory in Cyprus -- 1 Displacement of Persons (Refugees) -- 2 Deprivation of Liberty -- 3 Deprivation of Life -- 4 Ill-treatment -- 5 Missing Persons - unaccounted for since 1974 -- 6 Persons Enclaved in the Occupied Area -- C Violations of property rights in the occupied territory in Cyprus -- 1 General Remarks on the Right to Property -- 2 The Current Situation in the Occupied Territory of Cyprus -- 2.1 The European Commission of Human Rights -- 2.2 The European Court of Human Rights - Loizidou v. Turkey -- 2.3 Provisions of the International Law of Armed Conflicts regarding Private Property -- 2.4 Ecclesiastical and Cultural Property -- 2.5 Settlers and the Provisions of the Hague Regulations on Property -- D Turkish settlers from mainland Turkey in the occupied part of Cyprus -- 1 Facts and Figures -- 2 Settlers and International law -- 2.1 The Fourth Geneva Convention -- 2.1.1 "Voluntary Settlement -- 2.1.2 "Displacement of the Indigenous Population -- 2.1.3 "Obligation to prevent such Settlement -- 3 The Hague Regulations of 1907 -- 4 The General Principles of International Law -- 5 Transfer of Settlers is a "War Crime -- VI UNITED NATIONS PEACE KEEPING IN CYPRUS - THE SO-CALLED "BUFFER ZONE -- 1 The UNFICYP.

1.1 Resolution 186 of 1964 -- 1.2 UNFICYP's Mandate before 1974 -- 1.3 Use of Force by UNFICYP -- 1.4 UNFICYP's Mandate after 1974 -- 1.5 International Status of UNFICYP -- 2 The "Buffer Zone -- 2.1 "Borders" or "Boundaries"? Neutral area? -- 2.2 Access to the "Buffer Zone" by Civilians -- PART FOUR THE PROCLAMATION OF A PUPPET REGIME -- VII "UNILATERAL DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE" CONTRARY TO INTERNATIONAL LAW -- 1 General -- 2 The Stand taken by International Organisations and the International Community in general -- 2.1 The United Nations Organisation -- 2.2 The Council of Europe -- 2.3 The European Community -- 2.4 The Non-Aligned Movement -- 2.5 The Commonwealth -- 3 Creation of "States" under Conditions of Military Occupation - "Puppet States -- 3.1 Puppet States -- 3.2 Presumption of Illegality -- 3.3 Developments in International Law in the 20th Century in relation to "Puppet States" - the Stimson Doctrine -- 3.3.1 The Case of Manchukuo -- 3.3.2 Croatia and Slovakia during the Second World War -- 3.3.3 Other Examples from the International Scene -- 3.3.3.1 Rhodesia -- 3.3.3.2 Bantustans -- 3.3.4 The Case of Bangladesh -- 4 The "TRNC" a Puppet State -- 4.1 Creation of the "TRNC" after an Illegal Military Invasion and Continued Occupation of the northern part of Cyprus -- 4.2 Territory, Population and Legal Order in relation to the "TRNC -- 4.3 Right of Self-determination -- 4.4 Control by the Occupying Power -- 4.5 Autonomous Communities -- 5 Concluding Remarks -- VIII DECISIONS OF INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL COURTS IN RELATION TO THE PRESENT SITUATION IN CYPRUS -- 1 Overview -- 2 The Position taken by the ECHR and the ECourtHR as to the Legal Nature of the Occupied Territories of the Republic of Cyprus -- 2.1 In the State Applications -- 2.2 The Final Position taken by the Court in the Loizidou case.

2.3 The Erroneous Position taken by the Commission in the First Individual Applications (Nos. 15299/89, 15300/89 and 15318/89) -- 2.4 Subsequent Cases -- 3 The "Anastasiou" Case before the Court of Justice of the European Communities (The Queen and the Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, ex parte Anastasiou (Pissouri) Ltd. and others -- 4 The us Court of Appeals -- Autocephalous Church of Cyprus v. Goldberg -- 5 The UK Special Commissioners Tribunal - Caglar v. Billingham (Inspector of Taxes) -- 6 Other Decisions of National Courts -- IX FURTHER RAMIFICATIONS UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW -- 1 Obligation of Non-recognition of the "TRNC -- 2 Any Recognition of the "TRNC" is Fictitious and Revocable -- 3 Turkey's Responsibility for all Actions in the Occupied Areas -- 4 Implied Recognition -- 5 Acquisitive Prescription -- X THE FED ERA TING PROCESS AND INTERNATIONAL LAW -- 1 General -- 2 The Meaning of "Federation -- 3 The Meaning of "Confederation -- 4 Sovereignty of Federal States and Specific Examples -- 4.1 Federal Republic of Germany -- 4.2 Switzerland -- 4.3 United States of America -- 4.4 Ermacora's Views -- 5 The Federating Process -- 5.1 Adoption of a Federal Constitution -- 5.2 The United Arab Republic -- 5.3 The German Empire -- 5.4 Italy and Yugoslavia -- 5.5 The Contemporary History of Yugoslavia - Extinction of a federal state -- 5.5.1 The Dissolution of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia -- 5.5.2 Developments in Bosnia - Herzegovina -- PART FIVE FEDERALISATION AND EFFORTS FOR A SOLUTION -- XI THE LONG PROCESS OF NEGOTIATIONS, THE POSITIONS OF THE TWO SIDES AND THE UNITED NATIONS' INVOLVEMENT -- 1 The Deadlock - Beginning 1998 -- 2 Proposals of the Greek-Cypriot Side of 30 January, 1989 -- 2.1 Guarantees -- 2.2 Territorial Aspect -- 2.3 Constitutional Suggestions -- 2.4 "Equality of the Federated States.

3 Positions of the Turkish-Cypriot Side in November 1988 and January - February 1989.